D027 Pathopharm Exam with Questions and
Answers| Latest Update | Verified Answers
Which medications in the drug class Tricyclic antidepressants are used in the treatment of
Esophageal Motility Disorders? - ✔✔Calcium channel blockers, smooth muscle
relaxants, anticholinergics, and antianxiety medications. No one single drug has proven
efficacy in the treatment of spastic motility disorders.
Effective treatments for esophageal motility disorder - ✔✔include dilation with a large size
balloon dilator, botulinum toxin (Botox) injection in the lower esophageal sphincter
Eating with Esophageal motility disorder - ✔✔Take small bites of food and chew foods well.
Avoid tough meats, fresh "doughy" bread or rolls, hard bread crust, and abrasive foods.
Sip fluids when taking solids at meals and snacks to moisten foods.
Stop eating when you start to feel full.
Eat slowly in a relaxed atmosphere.
smooth muscles of the lower end of the esophagus (LES) and diaphragmatic sphincter -
✔✔constitute two active sphincters mechanism at the lower end of the esophagus. The
neuromuscular mechanisms that maintain tonic or reflex contraction of these sphincters are
essential for their antireflux behavior.
Eaton-Lambert Syndrome - ✔✔Body's immune system attacks the connections
between nerves and muscles. Antibodies formed against presynaptic calcium channels
STRONGLY associated with Small Cell Carcinoma and Smokers
,What is the difference between myasthenia gravis and Lambert Eaton syndrome? -
✔✔In myasthenia gravis, they attack and damage muscle cells; in Lambert-Eaton
myasthenic syndrome, they attack nerve cells that send messages to muscle.
Transposition of the great vessels - ✔✔Aorta arises from right ventricle and
pulmonary artery arises from left ventricle- creates two separate shunts that do not mix
Transposition of the great arteries - ✔✔An echocardiogram showing an aorta lying anterior
to and to the right of the pulmonary artery is diagnostic of transposition of the great arteries.
TGA results from failure of the fetal aorticopulmonary septum to spiral normally
during septation of the trucus arteriosus.
Presents - lifethreatening cyanosis at birth.
UTI - ✔✔E. coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women)
UTI treatment - ✔✔Complicated: Fluoroquinolones are typically the first-line choice.
Uncomplicated: Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole may be used first-line in younger men without
evidence of complicated UTI and with consideration to local resistance patterns.
Fluoroquinolones MOA - ✔✔Inhibit DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) and topoisomerase IV.
Bactericidal. Must not be taken with antacids.
Fluoroquinolones adverse effects - ✔✔Gi discomfort, achilles tendon rupture,
suprainfection (thrush, yeast infection), photosensitivity, Increased risk for C. difficile, can
affect CNS, use cautiously in older adults with cardiovascular disorders
Fluoroquinolones - ✔✔have been hypothesized to compromise tendon function and
increase risk of injury, especially in weight-bearing joints most subject to mechanical force via
several possible mechanisms. These medications may cause direct tissue injury, including
necrosis or exposure-dependent cellular apoptosis.
, Do not take ciprofloxacin with - ✔✔Dairy products such as milk or yogurt, or with calcium-
fortified juice. You may eat or drink these products with your meals, but do not use them alone
when taking ciprofloxacin. They could make the medication less effective.
Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) - ✔✔Do not drink or eat a lot of caffeine-containing products such as
coffee, tea, energy drinks, cola, or chocolate. Ciprofloxacin may increase nervousness,
sleeplessness, heart pounding, and anxiety caused by caffeine. Make sure you drink plenty of
water or other fluids every day while taking the Fluoroquinolone abx
Sulfasalazine - ✔✔MOA: combination of sulfapyridine (antibacterial) and 5-
aminosalicylic acid; activated by colonic bacteria
Clinical use: ulcerative colitic, Crohn's disease
Toxicity: sulfonamide toxicity, reversible oligospermia
Amlyn analogs MOA - ✔✔slows gastric emptying leading to a feeling of satiety
decreases PP glucagon secretion
may cause weight loss
is considered 3rd line tx due to lack of efficacy in lowering BS
may be used as an adjunction to insulin
Insulin - ✔✔A protein hormone synthesized in the pancreas that regulates blood sugar
levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into tissues
NPH (Humulin N) - ✔✔Intermediate-acting insulin. Onset: 1-2 hours. Peak: 4-12 hours.
Duration: 18-24 hours.
Answers| Latest Update | Verified Answers
Which medications in the drug class Tricyclic antidepressants are used in the treatment of
Esophageal Motility Disorders? - ✔✔Calcium channel blockers, smooth muscle
relaxants, anticholinergics, and antianxiety medications. No one single drug has proven
efficacy in the treatment of spastic motility disorders.
Effective treatments for esophageal motility disorder - ✔✔include dilation with a large size
balloon dilator, botulinum toxin (Botox) injection in the lower esophageal sphincter
Eating with Esophageal motility disorder - ✔✔Take small bites of food and chew foods well.
Avoid tough meats, fresh "doughy" bread or rolls, hard bread crust, and abrasive foods.
Sip fluids when taking solids at meals and snacks to moisten foods.
Stop eating when you start to feel full.
Eat slowly in a relaxed atmosphere.
smooth muscles of the lower end of the esophagus (LES) and diaphragmatic sphincter -
✔✔constitute two active sphincters mechanism at the lower end of the esophagus. The
neuromuscular mechanisms that maintain tonic or reflex contraction of these sphincters are
essential for their antireflux behavior.
Eaton-Lambert Syndrome - ✔✔Body's immune system attacks the connections
between nerves and muscles. Antibodies formed against presynaptic calcium channels
STRONGLY associated with Small Cell Carcinoma and Smokers
,What is the difference between myasthenia gravis and Lambert Eaton syndrome? -
✔✔In myasthenia gravis, they attack and damage muscle cells; in Lambert-Eaton
myasthenic syndrome, they attack nerve cells that send messages to muscle.
Transposition of the great vessels - ✔✔Aorta arises from right ventricle and
pulmonary artery arises from left ventricle- creates two separate shunts that do not mix
Transposition of the great arteries - ✔✔An echocardiogram showing an aorta lying anterior
to and to the right of the pulmonary artery is diagnostic of transposition of the great arteries.
TGA results from failure of the fetal aorticopulmonary septum to spiral normally
during septation of the trucus arteriosus.
Presents - lifethreatening cyanosis at birth.
UTI - ✔✔E. coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women)
UTI treatment - ✔✔Complicated: Fluoroquinolones are typically the first-line choice.
Uncomplicated: Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole may be used first-line in younger men without
evidence of complicated UTI and with consideration to local resistance patterns.
Fluoroquinolones MOA - ✔✔Inhibit DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) and topoisomerase IV.
Bactericidal. Must not be taken with antacids.
Fluoroquinolones adverse effects - ✔✔Gi discomfort, achilles tendon rupture,
suprainfection (thrush, yeast infection), photosensitivity, Increased risk for C. difficile, can
affect CNS, use cautiously in older adults with cardiovascular disorders
Fluoroquinolones - ✔✔have been hypothesized to compromise tendon function and
increase risk of injury, especially in weight-bearing joints most subject to mechanical force via
several possible mechanisms. These medications may cause direct tissue injury, including
necrosis or exposure-dependent cellular apoptosis.
, Do not take ciprofloxacin with - ✔✔Dairy products such as milk or yogurt, or with calcium-
fortified juice. You may eat or drink these products with your meals, but do not use them alone
when taking ciprofloxacin. They could make the medication less effective.
Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) - ✔✔Do not drink or eat a lot of caffeine-containing products such as
coffee, tea, energy drinks, cola, or chocolate. Ciprofloxacin may increase nervousness,
sleeplessness, heart pounding, and anxiety caused by caffeine. Make sure you drink plenty of
water or other fluids every day while taking the Fluoroquinolone abx
Sulfasalazine - ✔✔MOA: combination of sulfapyridine (antibacterial) and 5-
aminosalicylic acid; activated by colonic bacteria
Clinical use: ulcerative colitic, Crohn's disease
Toxicity: sulfonamide toxicity, reversible oligospermia
Amlyn analogs MOA - ✔✔slows gastric emptying leading to a feeling of satiety
decreases PP glucagon secretion
may cause weight loss
is considered 3rd line tx due to lack of efficacy in lowering BS
may be used as an adjunction to insulin
Insulin - ✔✔A protein hormone synthesized in the pancreas that regulates blood sugar
levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into tissues
NPH (Humulin N) - ✔✔Intermediate-acting insulin. Onset: 1-2 hours. Peak: 4-12 hours.
Duration: 18-24 hours.
