HS 3400 Midterm Test With
Verified Solution
What is policy - Answer broad statement of the goals, objectives, and means that create
the framework for activity. Often takes the form of explicit written documents, but may
also be implicit or unwritten
The policy process - Answer the way in which policies are initiated, formulated,
developed, negotiated, communicated, implemented and evaluated
Public policy - Answer government policy or policies of government agencies
Policy decisions try to balance (3) - Answer 1. Individualism
2. collectivism
3. policy goals
Individualism - Answer - personal independence
- autonomy
- liberty
Collectivism - Answer - group norms
- common good
- social justice
- social support
Policy goals - Answer - security
- liberty
- equity
- efficiency
potentially in conflict with each other and prone to different interpretations
What is policy about - Answer making choices
Policy maker's endgoal - Answer Most morally correct decision
3 main components of policy - Answer 1. structures
2. process
,3. outcomes
Policy is... - Answer - everywhere
- not necessarily written down
- can be no decision
- intent doesn't always = results
public policy - Answer a course of action or inaction CHOSEN by public authorities
- adresses a given problem
- anchored in a set of beliefs about the best way to achieve those goals
________________ is a sub-set of public policy - Answer health policy
- who has power and who does not have it to influence policy and outcomes? who
benefits and who does not?
policy can be thought of as _____________ and also _______________ and _________________
- Answer intent, understanding, and process
- understanding the evidence that guides policy and the beliefs that guide what we
do/not do
Focusing events - Answer episodes/experiences that catapult issues to the fore
- draws attention to a problem that needs fixing
- create new policy or bring attention to existing policy and change it
We can sort policy into two large buckets - Answer 1. Consensus ( how long policy took
to create, who was involved, cost. aka. nuts and bolts lens)
2. Conflict/critical (societal dimensions, ppl are different, power not equal. aka.
socio-cultural-economic lens)
- both assume policy choices are based on rational consideration of alternatives
positivism - Answer the belief that knowledge should be derived from scientific
observation
Structural Functionalism - Answer apply positivist notions of knowledge and
methodology
- views society as an organism, a system of parts whose function together creates
overall societal effectiveness
eg. herd immunity
,Interpretivism - Answer - critique on positivism
- hermeneutics: how individuals understand themselves through shared systems of
meaning
eg. BMI says an athlete is overweight
Critical Theory - Answer - structures and processes that are usually hidden and ignored
by positivists
- who has the power to bring about social and political change
- critique and transformation of society as a whole
- considers haves and have-nots in society
Martsolf and Thomas - Answer positions on key public policy issues are driven by largely
implicit and unarticulated philosophical presuppositions that guide individuals notions
of the nature of government, individuals moral obligation to each other, how society
addresses quality of life, and what it means to be a community.
________________ can not be ignored in policy - Answer philosophy
- how knowledge is generated
- basis for choosing and undertaking interventions
Epistemiology - Answer study of knowledge
Ontology - Answer the study of existence
Lalonde report - Answer identified two main health objectives: the health care system;
prevention of health problems, and promotion of good health
Public Health - Answer the combination of science, practical skills, and values directed
to the maintenance and improvement of the health of all people
- the art and science of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health
through the organized efforts of society
Medical care - Answer - identify and understand disease
- biological
- often consensus
Health care - Answer - health status
- socially constructed
- often critical
, Health is also a _______________ construct - Answer social
social construction of illness - Answer - Some illnesses are embedded with cultural
meaning - not directly related to condition
- Illness and disease, at the experiential level, are socially constructed (there's a
biological and experiential piece)
- Medical knowledge is created within the social norms and priorities (there is also a
social construction of treatment)
Why is policy challenging - Answer not a one size fits all
worldviews - comprehensive - Answer collection of deeply held beliefs about how we
interpret and experience the world
- identification of your worldview indirectly identifies your greatest weakness
Decision Theory - Answer a theory of beliefs, desires, and other relevant attitudes AND
a theory of choice; what matters is how these various attitudes meld together
All people are inherently ____________ - Answer biased
Ideology - Answer a set of beliefs or principles, especially one on which a political
system, party, or organization is based
- can be used to denote the beliefs, attitudes and opinions of those with whom we
disagree
- the science of ideas
worldview vs ideology - Answer worldview is what you believe is true (reality), and the
way you see the world and ideology is what you believe is right (morality), and a set of
beliefs which people base their actions and used to wield power
Normative Ethics - Answer what is right and what is wrong
Ethical Principles - Answer prescriptive - offer recommendations for moral action
- they are not values
- healthcare professionals operate on a set of ethical principles that are morally
established
Normative ethics - what makes a good action or decision - Answer justice
- fairness
- intrinsic value = moral standing
- procedural justice
Verified Solution
What is policy - Answer broad statement of the goals, objectives, and means that create
the framework for activity. Often takes the form of explicit written documents, but may
also be implicit or unwritten
The policy process - Answer the way in which policies are initiated, formulated,
developed, negotiated, communicated, implemented and evaluated
Public policy - Answer government policy or policies of government agencies
Policy decisions try to balance (3) - Answer 1. Individualism
2. collectivism
3. policy goals
Individualism - Answer - personal independence
- autonomy
- liberty
Collectivism - Answer - group norms
- common good
- social justice
- social support
Policy goals - Answer - security
- liberty
- equity
- efficiency
potentially in conflict with each other and prone to different interpretations
What is policy about - Answer making choices
Policy maker's endgoal - Answer Most morally correct decision
3 main components of policy - Answer 1. structures
2. process
,3. outcomes
Policy is... - Answer - everywhere
- not necessarily written down
- can be no decision
- intent doesn't always = results
public policy - Answer a course of action or inaction CHOSEN by public authorities
- adresses a given problem
- anchored in a set of beliefs about the best way to achieve those goals
________________ is a sub-set of public policy - Answer health policy
- who has power and who does not have it to influence policy and outcomes? who
benefits and who does not?
policy can be thought of as _____________ and also _______________ and _________________
- Answer intent, understanding, and process
- understanding the evidence that guides policy and the beliefs that guide what we
do/not do
Focusing events - Answer episodes/experiences that catapult issues to the fore
- draws attention to a problem that needs fixing
- create new policy or bring attention to existing policy and change it
We can sort policy into two large buckets - Answer 1. Consensus ( how long policy took
to create, who was involved, cost. aka. nuts and bolts lens)
2. Conflict/critical (societal dimensions, ppl are different, power not equal. aka.
socio-cultural-economic lens)
- both assume policy choices are based on rational consideration of alternatives
positivism - Answer the belief that knowledge should be derived from scientific
observation
Structural Functionalism - Answer apply positivist notions of knowledge and
methodology
- views society as an organism, a system of parts whose function together creates
overall societal effectiveness
eg. herd immunity
,Interpretivism - Answer - critique on positivism
- hermeneutics: how individuals understand themselves through shared systems of
meaning
eg. BMI says an athlete is overweight
Critical Theory - Answer - structures and processes that are usually hidden and ignored
by positivists
- who has the power to bring about social and political change
- critique and transformation of society as a whole
- considers haves and have-nots in society
Martsolf and Thomas - Answer positions on key public policy issues are driven by largely
implicit and unarticulated philosophical presuppositions that guide individuals notions
of the nature of government, individuals moral obligation to each other, how society
addresses quality of life, and what it means to be a community.
________________ can not be ignored in policy - Answer philosophy
- how knowledge is generated
- basis for choosing and undertaking interventions
Epistemiology - Answer study of knowledge
Ontology - Answer the study of existence
Lalonde report - Answer identified two main health objectives: the health care system;
prevention of health problems, and promotion of good health
Public Health - Answer the combination of science, practical skills, and values directed
to the maintenance and improvement of the health of all people
- the art and science of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health
through the organized efforts of society
Medical care - Answer - identify and understand disease
- biological
- often consensus
Health care - Answer - health status
- socially constructed
- often critical
, Health is also a _______________ construct - Answer social
social construction of illness - Answer - Some illnesses are embedded with cultural
meaning - not directly related to condition
- Illness and disease, at the experiential level, are socially constructed (there's a
biological and experiential piece)
- Medical knowledge is created within the social norms and priorities (there is also a
social construction of treatment)
Why is policy challenging - Answer not a one size fits all
worldviews - comprehensive - Answer collection of deeply held beliefs about how we
interpret and experience the world
- identification of your worldview indirectly identifies your greatest weakness
Decision Theory - Answer a theory of beliefs, desires, and other relevant attitudes AND
a theory of choice; what matters is how these various attitudes meld together
All people are inherently ____________ - Answer biased
Ideology - Answer a set of beliefs or principles, especially one on which a political
system, party, or organization is based
- can be used to denote the beliefs, attitudes and opinions of those with whom we
disagree
- the science of ideas
worldview vs ideology - Answer worldview is what you believe is true (reality), and the
way you see the world and ideology is what you believe is right (morality), and a set of
beliefs which people base their actions and used to wield power
Normative Ethics - Answer what is right and what is wrong
Ethical Principles - Answer prescriptive - offer recommendations for moral action
- they are not values
- healthcare professionals operate on a set of ethical principles that are morally
established
Normative ethics - what makes a good action or decision - Answer justice
- fairness
- intrinsic value = moral standing
- procedural justice
