APHY 102 Midterm-ivytech UPDATED
Questions And CORRECT Answers
What is a hormone and how does it act? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Hormones are chemical
messengers that are responsible for regulation. They are secreted into body fluids, mainly
blood. It has specific actions on target tissues, which are any tissue that has specific receptors
for that particular hormone.
Understand the role of negative feedback in control of hormone secretions - CORRECT
ANSWER- ✔✔A control mechanism in which rising level of a hormone leads to a decrease
in hormone secretion
What is paracrine? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔A chemical messenger or hormone that acts
locally on the same tissue.
What is autocrine? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Local regulator acts on the cell that released
it (a note to remind yourself) common in cancer cells
What is endocrine gland - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔glands that secrete their products into
tissue fluid or blood
What is the exocrine gland? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Glands that secrete products into
ducts that open onto surfaces, such as the skin or the lining of the digestive tract
Where can the different endocrine glands be found in the body? - CORRECT ANSWER-
✔✔Pituitary Gland-In the skull (brain)
Thyroid Gland- Left side of Esophagus
Parathyroid Gland- Right side of Esophagus
Adrenal Gland- Abdominal Area, above kidney.
Pancreas Gland- Abdominal Area
Describe steroid hormones and their mechanism of action - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Sex
hormones and adrenal cortex hormones. Steroid hormones diffuse through cell membranes
and enter cytoplasm or nucleus. Then they combine with a receptor molecule, which together
, bind to DNA and promote transcription of messenger RNA. mRNA enters the cytoplasm and
directs protein synthesis. Newly synthesized proteins produce hormone's specific effects.
Describe non-steroid hormones and their mechanism of action - CORRECT ANSWER-
✔✔Amines, proteins, peptides, and glycoproteins. The endocrine gland secretes nonsteroid
hormones, which body fluid carries hormone to its target cell. Hormone combines with
receptor site on membrane of its target cell, activating G protein. Adenylate cyclase
molecules are activated in cell's membrane. Adenylate cyclase circularizes ATP into cyclic
AMP. Cyclic AMP activates protein kinases. Protein kinases activate protein substrates in the
cell that change metabolic processes. Cellular changes produce the hormone's effects.
How is the anterior pituitary different than the posterior pituitary gland - CORRECT
ANSWER- ✔✔The anterior pituitary becomes an endocrine gland producing and secreting
hormones for the body and connects to the posterior pituitary when fully formed. Meanwhile
the posterior pituitary remains connected by the hypothalamus functioning as a respiratory for
hormones produced by the hypothalamus and receiving messages from it that regulate when
hormones are to be released to and through the anterior pituitary
What regulates pituitary gland secretion - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Hypothalamus
What are tropic hormones? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔hormones that have other endocrine
glands as their targets
Name the hormones secreted from each gland, where they are released from, what are their
target organs, how they are controlled, and how do they affect the body? - CORRECT
ANSWER- ✔✔Anterior Pituitary hormones:
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)- controls the manufacture and secretion of certain
hormones from the outer layer of the adrenal gland, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-
control growth and development of follicles that house egg cells in the ovaries in females and
stimulate production of sperm in the testes in males, growth hormone (GH)- stimulates cells
to enlarge and more rapidly divide, luteinizing hormone (LH)- promotes secretion of sex
hormones in both genders and allows release of egg cells from the ovaries, prolactin (PRL)-
promotes milk production, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)- controls secretion of certain
hormones from the thyroid gland.
Posterior pituitary hormones:
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)- reduces the volume of water that the kidneys excrete, oxytocin
(OT)- smooth muscle contraction & allows contraction of the uterus during childbirth and
may stimulate the movement of certain fluids in the male reproductive tract during sexual
activity in males.
Questions And CORRECT Answers
What is a hormone and how does it act? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Hormones are chemical
messengers that are responsible for regulation. They are secreted into body fluids, mainly
blood. It has specific actions on target tissues, which are any tissue that has specific receptors
for that particular hormone.
Understand the role of negative feedback in control of hormone secretions - CORRECT
ANSWER- ✔✔A control mechanism in which rising level of a hormone leads to a decrease
in hormone secretion
What is paracrine? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔A chemical messenger or hormone that acts
locally on the same tissue.
What is autocrine? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Local regulator acts on the cell that released
it (a note to remind yourself) common in cancer cells
What is endocrine gland - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔glands that secrete their products into
tissue fluid or blood
What is the exocrine gland? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Glands that secrete products into
ducts that open onto surfaces, such as the skin or the lining of the digestive tract
Where can the different endocrine glands be found in the body? - CORRECT ANSWER-
✔✔Pituitary Gland-In the skull (brain)
Thyroid Gland- Left side of Esophagus
Parathyroid Gland- Right side of Esophagus
Adrenal Gland- Abdominal Area, above kidney.
Pancreas Gland- Abdominal Area
Describe steroid hormones and their mechanism of action - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Sex
hormones and adrenal cortex hormones. Steroid hormones diffuse through cell membranes
and enter cytoplasm or nucleus. Then they combine with a receptor molecule, which together
, bind to DNA and promote transcription of messenger RNA. mRNA enters the cytoplasm and
directs protein synthesis. Newly synthesized proteins produce hormone's specific effects.
Describe non-steroid hormones and their mechanism of action - CORRECT ANSWER-
✔✔Amines, proteins, peptides, and glycoproteins. The endocrine gland secretes nonsteroid
hormones, which body fluid carries hormone to its target cell. Hormone combines with
receptor site on membrane of its target cell, activating G protein. Adenylate cyclase
molecules are activated in cell's membrane. Adenylate cyclase circularizes ATP into cyclic
AMP. Cyclic AMP activates protein kinases. Protein kinases activate protein substrates in the
cell that change metabolic processes. Cellular changes produce the hormone's effects.
How is the anterior pituitary different than the posterior pituitary gland - CORRECT
ANSWER- ✔✔The anterior pituitary becomes an endocrine gland producing and secreting
hormones for the body and connects to the posterior pituitary when fully formed. Meanwhile
the posterior pituitary remains connected by the hypothalamus functioning as a respiratory for
hormones produced by the hypothalamus and receiving messages from it that regulate when
hormones are to be released to and through the anterior pituitary
What regulates pituitary gland secretion - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Hypothalamus
What are tropic hormones? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔hormones that have other endocrine
glands as their targets
Name the hormones secreted from each gland, where they are released from, what are their
target organs, how they are controlled, and how do they affect the body? - CORRECT
ANSWER- ✔✔Anterior Pituitary hormones:
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)- controls the manufacture and secretion of certain
hormones from the outer layer of the adrenal gland, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-
control growth and development of follicles that house egg cells in the ovaries in females and
stimulate production of sperm in the testes in males, growth hormone (GH)- stimulates cells
to enlarge and more rapidly divide, luteinizing hormone (LH)- promotes secretion of sex
hormones in both genders and allows release of egg cells from the ovaries, prolactin (PRL)-
promotes milk production, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)- controls secretion of certain
hormones from the thyroid gland.
Posterior pituitary hormones:
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)- reduces the volume of water that the kidneys excrete, oxytocin
(OT)- smooth muscle contraction & allows contraction of the uterus during childbirth and
may stimulate the movement of certain fluids in the male reproductive tract during sexual
activity in males.
