Grade 12 Chemistry Exam with Answers
Organic compounds - correct answer-: compounds in which carbon atoms are nearly
always bonded to each other, to hydrogen atoms, and occasionally nitrogen, oxygen
and the halogens.
Linear - correct answer-= 180 degrees
Trigonal Planar - correct answer-= 120 degrees
Tetrahedral - correct answer-= 109.5 degree
isomers - correct answer-Molecules that have the same molecular formula, but their
atoms are in a different arrangement.
Constitutional Isomers - correct answer-: compounds that have the same molecular
formula but their atoms are bonded together in a different sequence.
Stereoisomers - correct answer-: molecules that have the same molecular formula and
sequence of bonded atoms, but differ in the 3-dimensional orientations of their atoms.
There are 2 types:
1. Cis-trans isomers - correct answer-: stereoisomers based on a double bond, in which
different types of atoms or groups are bonded to each carbon in the double bond. Exist
due to lack of free rotation round a double bond, and occur in alkenes when the double
bond is NOT located at the end of the chain
Enantiomers - correct answer-: stereoisomers which are non-superimposable mirror-
image structures. When four non-identical atoms or groups are attached to a tetravalent
carbon, the tetrahedral arrangement of the bonds
Dipole-Dipole forces - correct answer-an attractive force between polar molecules that
cause them to cling together.
Hydrogen Bonding - correct answer-: strongest type of DDF, attraction between an H
from an NH, FH or OH AND a polar N, O, or F from another molecule
London Dispersion forces - correct answer-Weaker attractive force that occurs between
all molecules, including non-polar molecules. Increases in strength as molecules get
larger.
, Addition Reactions - correct answer-: atoms are added to a carbon-carbon double or
triple bond)
Markovnikov's Rule - correct answer-: In an addition reaction, with an asymmetric
alkene, 2 products are produced, one is a major product and one is a minor product.
The major is the carbon with the most hydrogens attached to it.
Elimination reactions - correct answer-: atoms are removed from an organic molecule to
form a double or triple bond.
Substitution reaction - correct answer-s: a hydrogen atom or functional group is
replaced by a different atom or functional group. Note, when with an aromatic
compound like benzene, it is called mono-substitution
Oxidation reactions - correct answer-: a carbon atom forms more bonds to oxygen
atoms or fewer bonds to hydrogen atoms. No reaction with tertiary alcohol
Reduction reactions - correct answer-: a carbon atom forms fewer bonds to oxygen
atoms or more bonds to hydrogen atoms. (Reverse of oxidation)
Esterification/condensation - correct answer-: 2 molecules combine to form a larger
molecule, producing water as a second product
Neutralization reactions - correct answer-: a rxn between an acid and a base that yields
a salt and water
Hydrolysis reaction - correct answer-: a molecule is broken apart by adding the hydroxyl
group from a water molecule to one side of a bond and the hydrogen atom of a water
molecule to other side of the bond.
Principle QN - correct answer-Energy level & relative orbital size
Orbital shape QN - correct answer--L
Magnetic QN - correct answer-Ml
Electron Spin QN - correct answer-Ms
trigonal planar - correct answer-
tetrahedral - correct answer-
Trigonal pyramidal - correct answer-
Trigonal bipyramidal - correct answer-
Organic compounds - correct answer-: compounds in which carbon atoms are nearly
always bonded to each other, to hydrogen atoms, and occasionally nitrogen, oxygen
and the halogens.
Linear - correct answer-= 180 degrees
Trigonal Planar - correct answer-= 120 degrees
Tetrahedral - correct answer-= 109.5 degree
isomers - correct answer-Molecules that have the same molecular formula, but their
atoms are in a different arrangement.
Constitutional Isomers - correct answer-: compounds that have the same molecular
formula but their atoms are bonded together in a different sequence.
Stereoisomers - correct answer-: molecules that have the same molecular formula and
sequence of bonded atoms, but differ in the 3-dimensional orientations of their atoms.
There are 2 types:
1. Cis-trans isomers - correct answer-: stereoisomers based on a double bond, in which
different types of atoms or groups are bonded to each carbon in the double bond. Exist
due to lack of free rotation round a double bond, and occur in alkenes when the double
bond is NOT located at the end of the chain
Enantiomers - correct answer-: stereoisomers which are non-superimposable mirror-
image structures. When four non-identical atoms or groups are attached to a tetravalent
carbon, the tetrahedral arrangement of the bonds
Dipole-Dipole forces - correct answer-an attractive force between polar molecules that
cause them to cling together.
Hydrogen Bonding - correct answer-: strongest type of DDF, attraction between an H
from an NH, FH or OH AND a polar N, O, or F from another molecule
London Dispersion forces - correct answer-Weaker attractive force that occurs between
all molecules, including non-polar molecules. Increases in strength as molecules get
larger.
, Addition Reactions - correct answer-: atoms are added to a carbon-carbon double or
triple bond)
Markovnikov's Rule - correct answer-: In an addition reaction, with an asymmetric
alkene, 2 products are produced, one is a major product and one is a minor product.
The major is the carbon with the most hydrogens attached to it.
Elimination reactions - correct answer-: atoms are removed from an organic molecule to
form a double or triple bond.
Substitution reaction - correct answer-s: a hydrogen atom or functional group is
replaced by a different atom or functional group. Note, when with an aromatic
compound like benzene, it is called mono-substitution
Oxidation reactions - correct answer-: a carbon atom forms more bonds to oxygen
atoms or fewer bonds to hydrogen atoms. No reaction with tertiary alcohol
Reduction reactions - correct answer-: a carbon atom forms fewer bonds to oxygen
atoms or more bonds to hydrogen atoms. (Reverse of oxidation)
Esterification/condensation - correct answer-: 2 molecules combine to form a larger
molecule, producing water as a second product
Neutralization reactions - correct answer-: a rxn between an acid and a base that yields
a salt and water
Hydrolysis reaction - correct answer-: a molecule is broken apart by adding the hydroxyl
group from a water molecule to one side of a bond and the hydrogen atom of a water
molecule to other side of the bond.
Principle QN - correct answer-Energy level & relative orbital size
Orbital shape QN - correct answer--L
Magnetic QN - correct answer-Ml
Electron Spin QN - correct answer-Ms
trigonal planar - correct answer-
tetrahedral - correct answer-
Trigonal pyramidal - correct answer-
Trigonal bipyramidal - correct answer-
