BIO 2 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Identify the differences between Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya, and the evolutionary
relationships between the 3 groups - Answers- Bacteria: diverse w/ 50+ phyla, some
extreme some moderate
Archaea: possess similar features to eukarya like nucleus cytoplasm and histones
Eukarya: very diverse, typically larger
Archaea is more closely related to eukarya than bacteria, bacteria diverged first
Explain the ecological roles of prokaryotes - Answers- decomposers:
producers nitrogen fixers, pathogens,
and various
symbioses
Discuss
the mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer, the widespread nature of this process in
prokaryotes, and its importance in the evolution eukaryo
tic groups - Answers- movement of genes from one lineage to another not relates, 80%
of bacteria use this, increases genetic diversity
Describe major shapes, cell wall types, modes of nutrition used by bacteria - Answers-
spheres: cocci
rod: bacilli
Spiral: spirochetes
comma: spirilla
gram positive: simple walls with thick peptidoglycan layer
gram negative: complex walls w thin peptidoglycan and outer membrane of
lipopolysaccharides
sticky capsule around cell wall protect against dehydration
some bacteria develop endospores when they lack water or nutrients
halophile - Answers- archaea that live in saline environments
extremophile - Answers- archaea lovers of extreme conditions-extreme halophiles and
extreme thermophiles; membrane ether linkage more resistant to extremities
thermophile - Answers- archaea that thrive in very hot environments
methanogen - Answers- archaea that live in moderate environments and release
methane as a by-product of obtaining energy
decomposer - Answers- chemoheterotrophs that break down dead organisms and
waste products to obtain carbon, nitrogen, and other elements
, nitrogen fixation - Answers- some cyanobacteria and methanogenic archaea convert
atmospheric Nitrogen to ammonia, and then incorporate the fixed nitrogen into amino
acids
aerobic - Answers- obligate: must use ox for resp and cant grow without it
anaerobic - Answers- obligate: poisoned by ox and use fermentation and anaerobic
respiration
facultative: use ox if present, or ferm/respiration if ox not available
photoautotroph - Answers- energy from light, get carbon from carbon dioxide or
carbonic acid
cyanobacteria, plants, algae
photoheterotroph - Answers- energy from light, get carbon from organic compounds
rhodobacter, chloroflexus, aquatic salt-loving pro
chemoautotroph - Answers- energy from inorganic chemicals, carbon from carbon diox
or carbonic acid
some prokaryotes like sulfolobus
chemoheterotroph - Answers- energy from organic compounds, carbon from org comps
many pro, protists, fungi, animals, some plants
transformation - Answers- genotype and possibly phenotype of a prokaryotic cell are
altered by uptake of foreign DNA from surroundings
transduction - Answers- phages carry prokaryotic genes from one host cell to another
conjugation - Answers- DNA is transferred between two prokaryotic cells that are
temporarily joined
mutualism - Answers- an ecological relationship in which two species both benefit
commensalism - Answers- an ecological relationship in which one species benefits and
the other is neutral
parasitism - Answers- ecological relationship in which a parasite eats the cell contents,
tissue, or body fluids of its host
Describe the unifying characteristics of protists - Answers- protists are asexual
eukaryotes that aren't fung, plants, or animals; abundant in moist habitats, typically
microscopic but not always
Discuss
the evolutionary relationships betw
Identify the differences between Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya, and the evolutionary
relationships between the 3 groups - Answers- Bacteria: diverse w/ 50+ phyla, some
extreme some moderate
Archaea: possess similar features to eukarya like nucleus cytoplasm and histones
Eukarya: very diverse, typically larger
Archaea is more closely related to eukarya than bacteria, bacteria diverged first
Explain the ecological roles of prokaryotes - Answers- decomposers:
producers nitrogen fixers, pathogens,
and various
symbioses
Discuss
the mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer, the widespread nature of this process in
prokaryotes, and its importance in the evolution eukaryo
tic groups - Answers- movement of genes from one lineage to another not relates, 80%
of bacteria use this, increases genetic diversity
Describe major shapes, cell wall types, modes of nutrition used by bacteria - Answers-
spheres: cocci
rod: bacilli
Spiral: spirochetes
comma: spirilla
gram positive: simple walls with thick peptidoglycan layer
gram negative: complex walls w thin peptidoglycan and outer membrane of
lipopolysaccharides
sticky capsule around cell wall protect against dehydration
some bacteria develop endospores when they lack water or nutrients
halophile - Answers- archaea that live in saline environments
extremophile - Answers- archaea lovers of extreme conditions-extreme halophiles and
extreme thermophiles; membrane ether linkage more resistant to extremities
thermophile - Answers- archaea that thrive in very hot environments
methanogen - Answers- archaea that live in moderate environments and release
methane as a by-product of obtaining energy
decomposer - Answers- chemoheterotrophs that break down dead organisms and
waste products to obtain carbon, nitrogen, and other elements
, nitrogen fixation - Answers- some cyanobacteria and methanogenic archaea convert
atmospheric Nitrogen to ammonia, and then incorporate the fixed nitrogen into amino
acids
aerobic - Answers- obligate: must use ox for resp and cant grow without it
anaerobic - Answers- obligate: poisoned by ox and use fermentation and anaerobic
respiration
facultative: use ox if present, or ferm/respiration if ox not available
photoautotroph - Answers- energy from light, get carbon from carbon dioxide or
carbonic acid
cyanobacteria, plants, algae
photoheterotroph - Answers- energy from light, get carbon from organic compounds
rhodobacter, chloroflexus, aquatic salt-loving pro
chemoautotroph - Answers- energy from inorganic chemicals, carbon from carbon diox
or carbonic acid
some prokaryotes like sulfolobus
chemoheterotroph - Answers- energy from organic compounds, carbon from org comps
many pro, protists, fungi, animals, some plants
transformation - Answers- genotype and possibly phenotype of a prokaryotic cell are
altered by uptake of foreign DNA from surroundings
transduction - Answers- phages carry prokaryotic genes from one host cell to another
conjugation - Answers- DNA is transferred between two prokaryotic cells that are
temporarily joined
mutualism - Answers- an ecological relationship in which two species both benefit
commensalism - Answers- an ecological relationship in which one species benefits and
the other is neutral
parasitism - Answers- ecological relationship in which a parasite eats the cell contents,
tissue, or body fluids of its host
Describe the unifying characteristics of protists - Answers- protists are asexual
eukaryotes that aren't fung, plants, or animals; abundant in moist habitats, typically
microscopic but not always
Discuss
the evolutionary relationships betw
