Advanced Pathophysiology Mid-Term
Exam Questions And Answers
What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential to
initiate an action potential? - correct answer ✅Na+ gates open,
and Na+ rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potential
from - to +
What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomal enzymes during
chemical injury? - correct answer ✅Enzymatic digestion of the
nucleus and nucleolus occurs, halting DNA synthesis
In hypoxic injury, sodium enters the cell and causes swelling
because: - correct answer ✅ATP is insufficient to maintain the
pump that keeps Na+ out of the cell.
What mechanisms occur in the liver cells as a result of lipid
accumulation? - correct answer ✅Increased synthesis of
triglycerides from fatty acids and decreased synthesis of
apoproteins
What is the effect of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) in
atherosclerosis? - correct answer ✅LDLs cause smooth muscle
proliferation
,Advanced Pathophysiology Mid-Term
Exam Questions And Answers
Which inflammatory cytokines are released when endothelial cells
are injured? - correct answer ✅Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-
α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and interleukin 1 (IL1)
When endothelia cells are injured, which alteration contributes to
atherosclerosis? - correct answer ✅Cells are unable to make the
normal amount of vasodilating cytokines
Which factor is responsible for hypertrophy of the myocardium
associated with hypertension? - correct answer ✅Angiotensin II
What effect does atherosclerosis have on the development of an
aneurysm? - correct answer ✅Atherosclerosis erodes the vessel
wall.
Regarding the endothelium, what is the difference between healthy
vessel walls and those that promote clot formation? - correct
answer ✅Inflammation and roughening of the endothelium of the
artery are present.
Which form of angina occurs most often during sleep as a result of
vasospasms of one or more coronary arteries? - correct answer
✅Prinzmetal
, Advanced Pathophysiology Mid-Term
Exam Questions And Answers
The pulsusparadoxus that occurs as a result of pericardial effusion is
caused by a dysfunction in which mechanism? - correct answer
✅Diastolic filling pressure of the left ventricle and reduction of
blood volume in all four heart chambers
Ventricular dilation and grossly impaired systolic function, leading
to dilated heart failure, characterize which form of
cardiomyopathy? - correct answer ✅Congestive
Amyloidosis, hemochromatosis, or glycogen storage disease usually
causes which form of cardiomyopathy? - correct answer
✅Restrictive
In systolic heart failure, what effect does the renin-angiotensin-
aldosterone system (RAAS) have on stroke volume? - correct
answer ✅Increases preload and increases afterload
What is the cause of the dyspnea resulting from a thoracic
aneurysm? - correct answer ✅Pressure on surrounding organs
Exam Questions And Answers
What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential to
initiate an action potential? - correct answer ✅Na+ gates open,
and Na+ rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potential
from - to +
What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomal enzymes during
chemical injury? - correct answer ✅Enzymatic digestion of the
nucleus and nucleolus occurs, halting DNA synthesis
In hypoxic injury, sodium enters the cell and causes swelling
because: - correct answer ✅ATP is insufficient to maintain the
pump that keeps Na+ out of the cell.
What mechanisms occur in the liver cells as a result of lipid
accumulation? - correct answer ✅Increased synthesis of
triglycerides from fatty acids and decreased synthesis of
apoproteins
What is the effect of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) in
atherosclerosis? - correct answer ✅LDLs cause smooth muscle
proliferation
,Advanced Pathophysiology Mid-Term
Exam Questions And Answers
Which inflammatory cytokines are released when endothelial cells
are injured? - correct answer ✅Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-
α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and interleukin 1 (IL1)
When endothelia cells are injured, which alteration contributes to
atherosclerosis? - correct answer ✅Cells are unable to make the
normal amount of vasodilating cytokines
Which factor is responsible for hypertrophy of the myocardium
associated with hypertension? - correct answer ✅Angiotensin II
What effect does atherosclerosis have on the development of an
aneurysm? - correct answer ✅Atherosclerosis erodes the vessel
wall.
Regarding the endothelium, what is the difference between healthy
vessel walls and those that promote clot formation? - correct
answer ✅Inflammation and roughening of the endothelium of the
artery are present.
Which form of angina occurs most often during sleep as a result of
vasospasms of one or more coronary arteries? - correct answer
✅Prinzmetal
, Advanced Pathophysiology Mid-Term
Exam Questions And Answers
The pulsusparadoxus that occurs as a result of pericardial effusion is
caused by a dysfunction in which mechanism? - correct answer
✅Diastolic filling pressure of the left ventricle and reduction of
blood volume in all four heart chambers
Ventricular dilation and grossly impaired systolic function, leading
to dilated heart failure, characterize which form of
cardiomyopathy? - correct answer ✅Congestive
Amyloidosis, hemochromatosis, or glycogen storage disease usually
causes which form of cardiomyopathy? - correct answer
✅Restrictive
In systolic heart failure, what effect does the renin-angiotensin-
aldosterone system (RAAS) have on stroke volume? - correct
answer ✅Increases preload and increases afterload
What is the cause of the dyspnea resulting from a thoracic
aneurysm? - correct answer ✅Pressure on surrounding organs
