Microbiology Exam 2
Biochemistry - ANS study of chemistry of life
Macronutrients (3) - ANS -most abundant elements
-~99% of the cell's dry weight
-H,C,O,N, P & S
Micronutrients (2) - ANS -required in very small amounts
-Na, K, Mg, Zn, Fe, etc.
Organic molecules (3) - ANS -containing carbon
-covalent bonds
-20-30% of cell mass
Inorganic molecules - ANS -no carbon (only exceptions are carbon oxides and carbonates)
-ionic bonds
-~1% cells mass
Where does most of the carbon in organic molecules originate from? - ANS originates from inorganic
carbon sources
Biomolecules - ANS organic molecules essential for biological and chemical processes
Carbon skeleton (2) - ANS -carbon atoms bound together
-are straight, branched, or cyclic
,Isomers - ANS Molecules with the same atomic makeup but different structural arrangement
Different kinds of isomers (5) - ANS -structural: same molecular formula but different bond sequencing
(glucose, galactose & fructose)
-Stereoisomers: differ in the spatial arrangements of atoms
-Enantiomers: molecules mirror image of each other
-Chiral (asymmetric): non-superimposable mirror images
-Optical isomers: rotates on the plane of polarized light (D-clockwise, L-counterclockwise)
Functional groups - ANS groups of atoms with specific chemical compositions with specific chemical
reactions
Macromolecules (2) - ANS -large biomolecules (carbon skeleton and functional group)
-formed by linking of monomers into polymers
Dehydration synthesis - ANS monomers bind end to end with water as a byproduct
Amino acid=
Protein= - ANS monomer
polymer
Carbohydrates (4) - ANS -energy storage (starch), building blocks (cellulose)
-vital components (DNA) and food
-Most abundant and composed of C, H, and O (1:2:1)
-glycosidic bonds, monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
, Glycosidic bond - ANS bonds between hydroxyl groups
Monosaccharides (3) - ANS -simplest carbohydrates/sugars
-These saccharides are identified by the number of carbons in a molecule (pentoses-ribose or
deoxyribose)
-most stable in the cyclic/ring structure (run between carbonyl group and hydroxyl group)
Disaccharides - ANS Maltose (2 glucose molecules), lactose (galactose & glucose), and sucrose (glucose &
fructose)
Polysaccharides (2)
-modified polysaccharides - ANS linear and branched configurations
energy storage (glycogen and starch)
-NAG & NAM found in peptidoglycan; NAG can form chitin in fungal cell walls
Lipids (4)
-the three families of lipids - ANS source of nutrients; energy storage; structural component for
membrane & hormones; composed of O, N, S and P
-fatty acids, phospholipids, isoprenoids & sterols
Fatty acids (2) - ANS 1. Glycerides: long hydrocarbon chains with terminal carboxylic acid
Saturated = single bonds (solids @ room temp); Unsaturated = double bond (liquids @ room temp)
2. Triglycerides: 3 fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule
Phospholipids (3) - ANS -Complex lipids composed of a glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and either a phosphate or
carbohydrate
-Amphipathic: hydrophobic fatty acids and hydrophilic head
Biochemistry - ANS study of chemistry of life
Macronutrients (3) - ANS -most abundant elements
-~99% of the cell's dry weight
-H,C,O,N, P & S
Micronutrients (2) - ANS -required in very small amounts
-Na, K, Mg, Zn, Fe, etc.
Organic molecules (3) - ANS -containing carbon
-covalent bonds
-20-30% of cell mass
Inorganic molecules - ANS -no carbon (only exceptions are carbon oxides and carbonates)
-ionic bonds
-~1% cells mass
Where does most of the carbon in organic molecules originate from? - ANS originates from inorganic
carbon sources
Biomolecules - ANS organic molecules essential for biological and chemical processes
Carbon skeleton (2) - ANS -carbon atoms bound together
-are straight, branched, or cyclic
,Isomers - ANS Molecules with the same atomic makeup but different structural arrangement
Different kinds of isomers (5) - ANS -structural: same molecular formula but different bond sequencing
(glucose, galactose & fructose)
-Stereoisomers: differ in the spatial arrangements of atoms
-Enantiomers: molecules mirror image of each other
-Chiral (asymmetric): non-superimposable mirror images
-Optical isomers: rotates on the plane of polarized light (D-clockwise, L-counterclockwise)
Functional groups - ANS groups of atoms with specific chemical compositions with specific chemical
reactions
Macromolecules (2) - ANS -large biomolecules (carbon skeleton and functional group)
-formed by linking of monomers into polymers
Dehydration synthesis - ANS monomers bind end to end with water as a byproduct
Amino acid=
Protein= - ANS monomer
polymer
Carbohydrates (4) - ANS -energy storage (starch), building blocks (cellulose)
-vital components (DNA) and food
-Most abundant and composed of C, H, and O (1:2:1)
-glycosidic bonds, monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
, Glycosidic bond - ANS bonds between hydroxyl groups
Monosaccharides (3) - ANS -simplest carbohydrates/sugars
-These saccharides are identified by the number of carbons in a molecule (pentoses-ribose or
deoxyribose)
-most stable in the cyclic/ring structure (run between carbonyl group and hydroxyl group)
Disaccharides - ANS Maltose (2 glucose molecules), lactose (galactose & glucose), and sucrose (glucose &
fructose)
Polysaccharides (2)
-modified polysaccharides - ANS linear and branched configurations
energy storage (glycogen and starch)
-NAG & NAM found in peptidoglycan; NAG can form chitin in fungal cell walls
Lipids (4)
-the three families of lipids - ANS source of nutrients; energy storage; structural component for
membrane & hormones; composed of O, N, S and P
-fatty acids, phospholipids, isoprenoids & sterols
Fatty acids (2) - ANS 1. Glycerides: long hydrocarbon chains with terminal carboxylic acid
Saturated = single bonds (solids @ room temp); Unsaturated = double bond (liquids @ room temp)
2. Triglycerides: 3 fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule
Phospholipids (3) - ANS -Complex lipids composed of a glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and either a phosphate or
carbohydrate
-Amphipathic: hydrophobic fatty acids and hydrophilic head
