NUR-280 Final Exam Review(latest
update) questions n answers
What happens in the ribosomes? - correct answer ✔✔Protein synthesis
What happens in the mitochondria? - correct answer ✔✔Energy is released that the cell needs to do
work
Aerobic: Oxygen
Anaerobic: No oxygen
What cells have the most amount of mitochondria? - correct answer ✔✔Muscle cells
The more cellular activity you have... - correct answer ✔✔The more mitochondria you have
What is the mitochondria subject to damage and mutation by? - correct answer ✔✔Free radicals
Metaplasia - correct answer ✔✔Replacement of one cell by another (GERD)
Dysplasia - correct answer ✔✔Abnormal cell growth within a specific kind of tissue; common in chronic
inflammation. Could mean pre-cancer
Hyperplasia - correct answer ✔✔Increased number of cells
Neoplasia - correct answer ✔✔New cell growth (benign or malignant)
Benign vs. Malignant - correct answer ✔✔-Benign: Grow in wrong place but won't be weird looking or in
wrong spots, normal nuclei
,-Malignant: Wrong spot, misshapen, abnormal
Atrophy - correct answer ✔✔Shrinkage in cell size
Hypertrophy - correct answer ✔✔Increased size of cells
How do cells die? - correct answer ✔✔-Apoptosis: Automatic/planned cell death
-Necrosis: Die because they got killed too soon. Cellular injury that leads to death. Like ischemia
-Gangrene: Bacteria that shows up after cell death
How can ischemia and infarction contribute to cell death? - correct answer ✔✔-Ischemia: Due to lack of
oxygen to blood supply
-Infarction: Due to tissue damage
Oncogenes - correct answer ✔✔Cancer causing cells - BAD
Tumor Supressor Genes - correct answer ✔✔Suppress tumor growth if activated - GOOD
Proto-Oncogene - correct answer ✔✔Normal genes that control cell proliferation (increase in cell
number, growth). Mutation of proto-oncogenes leads to activated oncogenes (which can be inherited or
acquired) and leading to uncontrolled cellular growth, resulting in cancerous growth
Acquired Oncogene vs. Inherited Oncogene - correct answer ✔✔-Acquired: Acquired from something
like HPV; often through viral insertion
-Inherited: Born with them from your mom and dad
What is important to remember about oncogenes? - correct answer ✔✔You can "be born with it" or
"you can get it from somewhere else". and that inherited you start with the proto-oncogene and
acquired you get it already activated.
Huntington's Disease - correct answer ✔✔A genetic defect
, Symptoms of Huntington's Disease - correct answer ✔✔Increased involuntary movement, chorea
(dance-like, uncontrolled), weakness, difficulty swallowing or chewing (risk for aspiration), speech issues,
falling, fever, severe depression, suicidal ideation
Starts with alteration in mood, then chorea, then worsens
Diagnostic Testing for Huntington's - correct answer ✔✔Genetic Testing, CT and MRI to rule out other
causes
Treatment for Huntington's - correct answer ✔✔Carbidopa-Levodopa
Can also get anticonvulsants if necessary
Supportive care, genetic counseling, monitor safety
Selye's Stress Response Theory - correct answer ✔✔-Alarm: Fight or flight, SNS is activated
-Resistance: Happens when you overcome the stressor. Where you calm down
-Exhaustion: Skip over resistance and can't go on, overwhelming, depleted resources and coping - at risk
for INFECTION!
What is important to remember about Selye's Stress Response Theory? - correct answer ✔✔-Alarm
stage comes first
-Resistance happens when the stressor is removed or when you learn to cope with it
-Exhaustion happens when you can't get out of the stress - and then bad things happen to our bodies
such as infection, exhaustion, stress, depleted resources, systemic dysfunction, rundown, depressed,
anxious, physically ill
What are some of the harmful effects of immobility? - correct answer ✔✔Atelectasis
Bone demineralization
Muscle deconditioning
update) questions n answers
What happens in the ribosomes? - correct answer ✔✔Protein synthesis
What happens in the mitochondria? - correct answer ✔✔Energy is released that the cell needs to do
work
Aerobic: Oxygen
Anaerobic: No oxygen
What cells have the most amount of mitochondria? - correct answer ✔✔Muscle cells
The more cellular activity you have... - correct answer ✔✔The more mitochondria you have
What is the mitochondria subject to damage and mutation by? - correct answer ✔✔Free radicals
Metaplasia - correct answer ✔✔Replacement of one cell by another (GERD)
Dysplasia - correct answer ✔✔Abnormal cell growth within a specific kind of tissue; common in chronic
inflammation. Could mean pre-cancer
Hyperplasia - correct answer ✔✔Increased number of cells
Neoplasia - correct answer ✔✔New cell growth (benign or malignant)
Benign vs. Malignant - correct answer ✔✔-Benign: Grow in wrong place but won't be weird looking or in
wrong spots, normal nuclei
,-Malignant: Wrong spot, misshapen, abnormal
Atrophy - correct answer ✔✔Shrinkage in cell size
Hypertrophy - correct answer ✔✔Increased size of cells
How do cells die? - correct answer ✔✔-Apoptosis: Automatic/planned cell death
-Necrosis: Die because they got killed too soon. Cellular injury that leads to death. Like ischemia
-Gangrene: Bacteria that shows up after cell death
How can ischemia and infarction contribute to cell death? - correct answer ✔✔-Ischemia: Due to lack of
oxygen to blood supply
-Infarction: Due to tissue damage
Oncogenes - correct answer ✔✔Cancer causing cells - BAD
Tumor Supressor Genes - correct answer ✔✔Suppress tumor growth if activated - GOOD
Proto-Oncogene - correct answer ✔✔Normal genes that control cell proliferation (increase in cell
number, growth). Mutation of proto-oncogenes leads to activated oncogenes (which can be inherited or
acquired) and leading to uncontrolled cellular growth, resulting in cancerous growth
Acquired Oncogene vs. Inherited Oncogene - correct answer ✔✔-Acquired: Acquired from something
like HPV; often through viral insertion
-Inherited: Born with them from your mom and dad
What is important to remember about oncogenes? - correct answer ✔✔You can "be born with it" or
"you can get it from somewhere else". and that inherited you start with the proto-oncogene and
acquired you get it already activated.
Huntington's Disease - correct answer ✔✔A genetic defect
, Symptoms of Huntington's Disease - correct answer ✔✔Increased involuntary movement, chorea
(dance-like, uncontrolled), weakness, difficulty swallowing or chewing (risk for aspiration), speech issues,
falling, fever, severe depression, suicidal ideation
Starts with alteration in mood, then chorea, then worsens
Diagnostic Testing for Huntington's - correct answer ✔✔Genetic Testing, CT and MRI to rule out other
causes
Treatment for Huntington's - correct answer ✔✔Carbidopa-Levodopa
Can also get anticonvulsants if necessary
Supportive care, genetic counseling, monitor safety
Selye's Stress Response Theory - correct answer ✔✔-Alarm: Fight or flight, SNS is activated
-Resistance: Happens when you overcome the stressor. Where you calm down
-Exhaustion: Skip over resistance and can't go on, overwhelming, depleted resources and coping - at risk
for INFECTION!
What is important to remember about Selye's Stress Response Theory? - correct answer ✔✔-Alarm
stage comes first
-Resistance happens when the stressor is removed or when you learn to cope with it
-Exhaustion happens when you can't get out of the stress - and then bad things happen to our bodies
such as infection, exhaustion, stress, depleted resources, systemic dysfunction, rundown, depressed,
anxious, physically ill
What are some of the harmful effects of immobility? - correct answer ✔✔Atelectasis
Bone demineralization
Muscle deconditioning
