Bio 171 Exam 1|108
Questions with Solutions
archaea - -like bacteria. Are able to live in extreme environment
- bacteria - -microorganisms that are the basis of fermentation & infectious
diseases. Typically one-celled, have no chlorophyll, multiply by simple
division, & can be seen only with a microscope. They occur in 3 main forms:
spherical, rod-shaped, & spiral
- eukaryote - -an organism that uses aerobic cellular respiration to break
down compounds including oxygen into cellular energy. A human or animal
cell
- most recent common ancestor - -of any set of organisms is the most
recent individual from which all organisms in a group are directly descended.
- prokaryote - -an organism lacking a true nucleus: in some systems of
biological classification, any of a superkingdom of organisms, including the
viruses & monerans
- phylogenetic tree - -a graph illustrating evolutionary relationships among
various entities that are known to share a common ancestor
- nucleic acid - -any group of complex compounds found in all living cells &
viruses, composed of purines, pyrimidines, carbohydrates, & phosphoric
acid. Nucleic acids in the form of DNA & RNA control cellular function &
heredity
- DNA - -a nucleic acid that contains the genetic code
- RNA - -a long, single-stranded chain of cells that processes protein
- transcription - -the synthesis of messenger RNA from a DNA template
through the formation of base pairs, resulting in a transfer of genetic
information that codes for amino acid sequences composing proteins
- translation - -the process by which messenger RNA directs the amino acid
sequence of the growing polypeptide during protein synthesis
- tRNA - -transfer RNA
- mRNA - -messenger RNA
, - rRNA - -ribosomal RNA
- gene - -the definition of a gene is a unit on a chromosome that determines
a specific trait in an organism
- amino acid - -any of a large group of organic acids containing a carboxyl
group, COOH, & an amino acid group, NH
- protein - -the definition of a protein is a substance that has amino acids,
compounds & carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, & sometimes sulfur is
found in many foods
- cell membrane - -a layer of tissue that surrounds a cell
- ribosome - -a tiny particle made up a nucleic acids & proteins that exist in
large numbers in the gel-like substance in between every cell in the body
- genetic code - -the set of DNA & RNA sequences used in the synthesis of
an organism's proteins. It is the biochemical basis of heredity & nearly
universal in all organisms
- phospholipid - -a group of lipids that contain a phosphate ester as part of
the structure & yield on hydrolysis phosphoric acid, an alcohol, fatty acid & a
nitrogenous base: found in all living cells
- carbohydrate - -the definition of a carbohydrate is an organic compound
that occurs in living tissues or food & that can be broken down into energy
by people or animals
- characteristics of living organisms - --complexity, with precise spatial
organization on several scales
-the ability to change in response to the environment
-the ability to reproduce
-the capacity to evolve
- 1st law of thermodynamics - -energy can not be created or destroyed
- 2nd law of thermodynamics - -states that the degree of disorder in the
universe tends to increase
- entropy - -amount of disorder in a system
- variable - -is changed by the experimenter from one treatment to the next
- cell - -the simplest entity
Questions with Solutions
archaea - -like bacteria. Are able to live in extreme environment
- bacteria - -microorganisms that are the basis of fermentation & infectious
diseases. Typically one-celled, have no chlorophyll, multiply by simple
division, & can be seen only with a microscope. They occur in 3 main forms:
spherical, rod-shaped, & spiral
- eukaryote - -an organism that uses aerobic cellular respiration to break
down compounds including oxygen into cellular energy. A human or animal
cell
- most recent common ancestor - -of any set of organisms is the most
recent individual from which all organisms in a group are directly descended.
- prokaryote - -an organism lacking a true nucleus: in some systems of
biological classification, any of a superkingdom of organisms, including the
viruses & monerans
- phylogenetic tree - -a graph illustrating evolutionary relationships among
various entities that are known to share a common ancestor
- nucleic acid - -any group of complex compounds found in all living cells &
viruses, composed of purines, pyrimidines, carbohydrates, & phosphoric
acid. Nucleic acids in the form of DNA & RNA control cellular function &
heredity
- DNA - -a nucleic acid that contains the genetic code
- RNA - -a long, single-stranded chain of cells that processes protein
- transcription - -the synthesis of messenger RNA from a DNA template
through the formation of base pairs, resulting in a transfer of genetic
information that codes for amino acid sequences composing proteins
- translation - -the process by which messenger RNA directs the amino acid
sequence of the growing polypeptide during protein synthesis
- tRNA - -transfer RNA
- mRNA - -messenger RNA
, - rRNA - -ribosomal RNA
- gene - -the definition of a gene is a unit on a chromosome that determines
a specific trait in an organism
- amino acid - -any of a large group of organic acids containing a carboxyl
group, COOH, & an amino acid group, NH
- protein - -the definition of a protein is a substance that has amino acids,
compounds & carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, & sometimes sulfur is
found in many foods
- cell membrane - -a layer of tissue that surrounds a cell
- ribosome - -a tiny particle made up a nucleic acids & proteins that exist in
large numbers in the gel-like substance in between every cell in the body
- genetic code - -the set of DNA & RNA sequences used in the synthesis of
an organism's proteins. It is the biochemical basis of heredity & nearly
universal in all organisms
- phospholipid - -a group of lipids that contain a phosphate ester as part of
the structure & yield on hydrolysis phosphoric acid, an alcohol, fatty acid & a
nitrogenous base: found in all living cells
- carbohydrate - -the definition of a carbohydrate is an organic compound
that occurs in living tissues or food & that can be broken down into energy
by people or animals
- characteristics of living organisms - --complexity, with precise spatial
organization on several scales
-the ability to change in response to the environment
-the ability to reproduce
-the capacity to evolve
- 1st law of thermodynamics - -energy can not be created or destroyed
- 2nd law of thermodynamics - -states that the degree of disorder in the
universe tends to increase
- entropy - -amount of disorder in a system
- variable - -is changed by the experimenter from one treatment to the next
- cell - -the simplest entity
