BIOL 4103 Exam 4 Seibenhener Auburn University
1 Correct Answers Transition metal-containing coenzymes
found in the electron transport chain (cytochromes and iron-
sulfur clusters) can carry _____ electron(s) at a time
1, 2, and 3 Correct Answers Which complexes in
mitochondrial ETC generate ROS?
3 Correct Answers Complex __ is the only mitochondrial ETC
complex that deposits superoxide radicals into the crista space
3 (even though four protons are pumped from oxidation of one
NADH, one of the protons does not go through a proton
channel, it slips through at a "crevice" near the junction of the
membrane arm and the matrix arm Correct Answers How
many defined channels are in the membrane arm of complex I?
4 Correct Answers ROS formation is rarely seen in complex
__ because this complex has the necessary mechanism to
contain molecular oxygen while two rapid single electron
reductions occur.
4 basic types of signaling pathways Correct Answers 1.
Ligand-gated ion channel
2. G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)
3. Receptor kinase
4. Nuclear receptor
,7 (energy released: -218 kJ/mol NADH; energy consumed by
synthesis of ATP: 30.6 kJ/mol; 218/30.6= 7.124 ATP) Correct
Answers Under standard laboratory conditions, the free energy
released from the reduction of (one half of) molecular oxygen
from one NADH is great enough to synthesize at least
_________ ATP with some energy left over.
7 (seven) Correct Answers There are __ transmembrane
domains of alpha helices with hydrophobic amino acid residues
in the schematic G protein-coupled receptor.
A and c (C and a) Correct Answers Protons enter the ATP
synthase enzyme in the space between the ____ and _____
subunits
Abscisic acid Correct Answers Plant hormone that inhibits cell
growth, helps close stomata, brings the onset of dormancy
Acids and bases (Bases and acids) Correct Answers Reduction
potential can be compared as analogous to the difference in
strengths of ___________ and ___________.
Action potential Correct Answers The release of
neurotransmitters is signaled by the arrival of an _________
_________ at the terminus of a neuron
Adenosine Correct Answers Name for the molecular unit
formed when ribose sugar and adenine base combine
AdenylATE Correct Answers According to our professor, how
does one correctly pronounce the word "Adenylyl"?
,Adenylyl cyclase Correct Answers The plasma membrane-
bound enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cAMP
Affinity Correct Answers How readily and how tightly a
receptor binds its ligand can be referred to as the receptor's
__________ for the ligand.
Agonists Correct Answers Ligands that bind to their receptors
and activate a signaling cascade
Akt Correct Answers Another abbreviation/name for protein
kinase B (PKB) which phosphorylates glycogen synthase kinase
3 (GSK3)
Alcohol dehydrogenase Correct Answers Enzyme that (under
anaerobic conditions) reduces acetaldehyde to ethanol by
oxidizing coenzyme NADH +H^+
Involved in the ethanol fermentation pathway
All of them Correct Answers Which of the 4 basic methods of
cell signaling can cause changes in gene expression?
Alpha synuclein Correct Answers This protein is small enough
to pass through VDAC's in the OMM and freely will do so.
Once in the IMS, it (through some mechanism unknown to us )
inhibits the protein complexes involved in ATP synthesis and
electron transport
It can clog the VDAC's, preventing ATP transport out of the
mitochondria
, It leads to the increase in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species
(ROS)
It inhibits complexes I-IV, leading to the diminishment of the
membrane potential
A protein that has been implicated in Parkinson's disease
Amino Correct Answers The ________ terminus of the G
protein-coupled receptor is always extracellular.
Amount of receptor; affinity of receptor Correct Answers One
way to down regulate signaling is to reduce the _________ ____
_________ or reduce the ___________ ____ ________ for the
ligand.
Amphipathic helix Correct Answers The _____________
____________ is a motif in the membrane arm region of
complex I that rotates around its central axis like a crankshaft,
pumping protons into the crista space. Rotation is caused by
conformational changes in complex I by the reduction of
ubiquinone to ubiquinol.
Ana Correct Answers Greek word for "up"
Anabolic pathways Correct Answers Pathways that produce
cellular components
Increase in molecular order, decreasing local entropy
Endergonic, consuming energy
Synthesize polymers which store energy
Anaerobic Correct Answers Is more glucose consumed under
aerobic or anaerobic conditions?
1 Correct Answers Transition metal-containing coenzymes
found in the electron transport chain (cytochromes and iron-
sulfur clusters) can carry _____ electron(s) at a time
1, 2, and 3 Correct Answers Which complexes in
mitochondrial ETC generate ROS?
3 Correct Answers Complex __ is the only mitochondrial ETC
complex that deposits superoxide radicals into the crista space
3 (even though four protons are pumped from oxidation of one
NADH, one of the protons does not go through a proton
channel, it slips through at a "crevice" near the junction of the
membrane arm and the matrix arm Correct Answers How
many defined channels are in the membrane arm of complex I?
4 Correct Answers ROS formation is rarely seen in complex
__ because this complex has the necessary mechanism to
contain molecular oxygen while two rapid single electron
reductions occur.
4 basic types of signaling pathways Correct Answers 1.
Ligand-gated ion channel
2. G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)
3. Receptor kinase
4. Nuclear receptor
,7 (energy released: -218 kJ/mol NADH; energy consumed by
synthesis of ATP: 30.6 kJ/mol; 218/30.6= 7.124 ATP) Correct
Answers Under standard laboratory conditions, the free energy
released from the reduction of (one half of) molecular oxygen
from one NADH is great enough to synthesize at least
_________ ATP with some energy left over.
7 (seven) Correct Answers There are __ transmembrane
domains of alpha helices with hydrophobic amino acid residues
in the schematic G protein-coupled receptor.
A and c (C and a) Correct Answers Protons enter the ATP
synthase enzyme in the space between the ____ and _____
subunits
Abscisic acid Correct Answers Plant hormone that inhibits cell
growth, helps close stomata, brings the onset of dormancy
Acids and bases (Bases and acids) Correct Answers Reduction
potential can be compared as analogous to the difference in
strengths of ___________ and ___________.
Action potential Correct Answers The release of
neurotransmitters is signaled by the arrival of an _________
_________ at the terminus of a neuron
Adenosine Correct Answers Name for the molecular unit
formed when ribose sugar and adenine base combine
AdenylATE Correct Answers According to our professor, how
does one correctly pronounce the word "Adenylyl"?
,Adenylyl cyclase Correct Answers The plasma membrane-
bound enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cAMP
Affinity Correct Answers How readily and how tightly a
receptor binds its ligand can be referred to as the receptor's
__________ for the ligand.
Agonists Correct Answers Ligands that bind to their receptors
and activate a signaling cascade
Akt Correct Answers Another abbreviation/name for protein
kinase B (PKB) which phosphorylates glycogen synthase kinase
3 (GSK3)
Alcohol dehydrogenase Correct Answers Enzyme that (under
anaerobic conditions) reduces acetaldehyde to ethanol by
oxidizing coenzyme NADH +H^+
Involved in the ethanol fermentation pathway
All of them Correct Answers Which of the 4 basic methods of
cell signaling can cause changes in gene expression?
Alpha synuclein Correct Answers This protein is small enough
to pass through VDAC's in the OMM and freely will do so.
Once in the IMS, it (through some mechanism unknown to us )
inhibits the protein complexes involved in ATP synthesis and
electron transport
It can clog the VDAC's, preventing ATP transport out of the
mitochondria
, It leads to the increase in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species
(ROS)
It inhibits complexes I-IV, leading to the diminishment of the
membrane potential
A protein that has been implicated in Parkinson's disease
Amino Correct Answers The ________ terminus of the G
protein-coupled receptor is always extracellular.
Amount of receptor; affinity of receptor Correct Answers One
way to down regulate signaling is to reduce the _________ ____
_________ or reduce the ___________ ____ ________ for the
ligand.
Amphipathic helix Correct Answers The _____________
____________ is a motif in the membrane arm region of
complex I that rotates around its central axis like a crankshaft,
pumping protons into the crista space. Rotation is caused by
conformational changes in complex I by the reduction of
ubiquinone to ubiquinol.
Ana Correct Answers Greek word for "up"
Anabolic pathways Correct Answers Pathways that produce
cellular components
Increase in molecular order, decreasing local entropy
Endergonic, consuming energy
Synthesize polymers which store energy
Anaerobic Correct Answers Is more glucose consumed under
aerobic or anaerobic conditions?
