Final Exam Study Guide ESC 100 (100%
Correct!!
Geology - ANSWERSStudy of the Earth. Two types: physical and historical.
Meteorology - ANSWERSA science that deals with the atmosphere and its phenomena
and especially with weather and weather forecasting.
Oceanography - ANSWERSThe branch of science that deals with the physical and
biological properties and phenomena of the sea.
Astronomy - ANSWERSThe branch of science which deals with celestial objects, space,
and the physical universe as a whole.
The difference between a positive feedback and a negative feedback. -
ANSWERSPositive feedback: A feedback that increases an initial warming is called a
Negative feedback: A feedback that reduces an initial warming is a
5 parts to the definition of a mineral - ANSWERSA substance must meet five
requirements: naturally occurring. inorganic. solid. definite chemical composition.
Instruction of atom
The physical properties of minerals - ANSWERSColor, Streak, Hardness, Cleavage
(breaks smoothly) or Fracture, Crystalline Structure, Diaphaneity or Amount of
Transparency, Tenacity, Magnetism, Luster, Odor, Taste, Specific Gravity
What are the two most common elements in earth's crust? - ANSWERSOxygen and
silicon
The rock cycle. All the terminology and the 3 types of rocks are important. -
ANSWERSSedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous. Each rock type is altered when it is
forced out of its equilibrium conditions. Magma, igneous = Crystallization
What texture to an igneous rock tells us - ANSWERS-The first set of textures focuses
on the size of mineral crystals. Crystal size primarily reflects the rate of cooling, but is
also often strongly affected by rock composition (especially water or gas content).
-Cooling history. Can't see minerals with naked eye it cooled quickly.
What primary way are detrital sedimentary rocks identified? - ANSWERSAre
distinguished by particle size (Texture). Shales and mudstones/siltstones are composed
of silt and clay-sized grains. Sandstones are composed of sand-sized grains.
What is the most important agent in metamorphism? - ANSWERSHeat
, What happens when water freezes (and by how much)? What is this physical
weathering process called? - ANSWERSWhen water freezes in a crack in rock, the rock
slowly expands and makes the crack bigger. Expands by 9% in volume.
The difference between physical and chemical weathering - ANSWERSWhile physical
weathering breaks down a rock's physical structure, chemical weathering alters a rock's
chemical composition.
The order of the soil horizons - ANSWERSO Horizon: Top of a profile, derived from
plant and animal litter that was deposited on the surface transformed into humus.
A Horizon (Top Soil): Darker and richer in organic content than lower horizons,
presence of humus and clay particles, provide essential chemical links between soil
nutrients and plants
E Horizon (Eluviation): Made up of coarse sand, silt and resistant minerals, clays and
oxides of aluminum and iron are leached (removed by water) and are carried to lower
horizons by water, sometimes this horizon is not there.
B Horizon (illuviation, subsoil): May exhibit reddish or yellowish hues, accumulate clays,
aluminum and iron, dominated by illuviation.
C Horizon (Regolith): Weathered bedrock or weathered parent material, excluding the
bedrock itself, not affected much by soil operations, lies outside of biological influences,
plant roots rare
Know what evidence Wegener used for his continental drift idea, and what evidence
came later - ANSWERS-Wegener knew that fossil plants and animals such as
mesosaurs, a freshwater reptile found only South America and Africa during the
Permian period, could be found on many continents. He also matched up rocks on
either side of the Atlantic Ocean like puzzle pieces.
-Paleomagnetism and GPS technology
Know the three types of plate boundaries, and what features result from each. -
ANSWERSConvergent Boundary: A convergent boundary is the boundary between two
colliding plates.
Divergent Boundary: A divergent boundary is the boundary between two plates that are
pulling away from each other.
Transform Boundary: A transform boundary is the boundary between two plates that are
sliding past each other.
Know the key terms in figure 8.2 and how they are related - ANSWERSEpicenter is
above the focus
Know the 3 types of earthquake waves and their properties. Can any wave be detected
worldwide? - ANSWERSP-Wave: The primary earthquake that travels through the body
of the earth. Moves rocks back and forth, they are the fastest seismic waves.
S-Wave: Moves rocks side to side, and they are slower than P-Waves, does more
damage than P-Waves.
Correct!!
Geology - ANSWERSStudy of the Earth. Two types: physical and historical.
Meteorology - ANSWERSA science that deals with the atmosphere and its phenomena
and especially with weather and weather forecasting.
Oceanography - ANSWERSThe branch of science that deals with the physical and
biological properties and phenomena of the sea.
Astronomy - ANSWERSThe branch of science which deals with celestial objects, space,
and the physical universe as a whole.
The difference between a positive feedback and a negative feedback. -
ANSWERSPositive feedback: A feedback that increases an initial warming is called a
Negative feedback: A feedback that reduces an initial warming is a
5 parts to the definition of a mineral - ANSWERSA substance must meet five
requirements: naturally occurring. inorganic. solid. definite chemical composition.
Instruction of atom
The physical properties of minerals - ANSWERSColor, Streak, Hardness, Cleavage
(breaks smoothly) or Fracture, Crystalline Structure, Diaphaneity or Amount of
Transparency, Tenacity, Magnetism, Luster, Odor, Taste, Specific Gravity
What are the two most common elements in earth's crust? - ANSWERSOxygen and
silicon
The rock cycle. All the terminology and the 3 types of rocks are important. -
ANSWERSSedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous. Each rock type is altered when it is
forced out of its equilibrium conditions. Magma, igneous = Crystallization
What texture to an igneous rock tells us - ANSWERS-The first set of textures focuses
on the size of mineral crystals. Crystal size primarily reflects the rate of cooling, but is
also often strongly affected by rock composition (especially water or gas content).
-Cooling history. Can't see minerals with naked eye it cooled quickly.
What primary way are detrital sedimentary rocks identified? - ANSWERSAre
distinguished by particle size (Texture). Shales and mudstones/siltstones are composed
of silt and clay-sized grains. Sandstones are composed of sand-sized grains.
What is the most important agent in metamorphism? - ANSWERSHeat
, What happens when water freezes (and by how much)? What is this physical
weathering process called? - ANSWERSWhen water freezes in a crack in rock, the rock
slowly expands and makes the crack bigger. Expands by 9% in volume.
The difference between physical and chemical weathering - ANSWERSWhile physical
weathering breaks down a rock's physical structure, chemical weathering alters a rock's
chemical composition.
The order of the soil horizons - ANSWERSO Horizon: Top of a profile, derived from
plant and animal litter that was deposited on the surface transformed into humus.
A Horizon (Top Soil): Darker and richer in organic content than lower horizons,
presence of humus and clay particles, provide essential chemical links between soil
nutrients and plants
E Horizon (Eluviation): Made up of coarse sand, silt and resistant minerals, clays and
oxides of aluminum and iron are leached (removed by water) and are carried to lower
horizons by water, sometimes this horizon is not there.
B Horizon (illuviation, subsoil): May exhibit reddish or yellowish hues, accumulate clays,
aluminum and iron, dominated by illuviation.
C Horizon (Regolith): Weathered bedrock or weathered parent material, excluding the
bedrock itself, not affected much by soil operations, lies outside of biological influences,
plant roots rare
Know what evidence Wegener used for his continental drift idea, and what evidence
came later - ANSWERS-Wegener knew that fossil plants and animals such as
mesosaurs, a freshwater reptile found only South America and Africa during the
Permian period, could be found on many continents. He also matched up rocks on
either side of the Atlantic Ocean like puzzle pieces.
-Paleomagnetism and GPS technology
Know the three types of plate boundaries, and what features result from each. -
ANSWERSConvergent Boundary: A convergent boundary is the boundary between two
colliding plates.
Divergent Boundary: A divergent boundary is the boundary between two plates that are
pulling away from each other.
Transform Boundary: A transform boundary is the boundary between two plates that are
sliding past each other.
Know the key terms in figure 8.2 and how they are related - ANSWERSEpicenter is
above the focus
Know the 3 types of earthquake waves and their properties. Can any wave be detected
worldwide? - ANSWERSP-Wave: The primary earthquake that travels through the body
of the earth. Moves rocks back and forth, they are the fastest seismic waves.
S-Wave: Moves rocks side to side, and they are slower than P-Waves, does more
damage than P-Waves.
