Maryville University Pharmacology 615 Exam 2 Study Guide Solutions

Maryville University Pharmacology 615 Exam 2 Study Guide Solutions Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) - ANSWER-Neuramidase Inhibitor. Oral Antiviral for influenza A&B. Works by breaking the bond that attaches the viral particles to host cell. SE include headache, n/v, and CNS. Zanamivir (Relenza) - ANSWER-Neuramidase Inhibitor. Inhaled Antiviral for influenza A&B. Works by breaking the bond that attaches the viral particles to host cell. Contraindicated for COPD. SE include headache, n/v, and CNS. Amantadine (Symmetrel) - ANSWER-Inhaled Antiviral for Influenza A. Works by binding to ion channels formed by the membrane protein of viral envelope. High pKA so no absorption in stomach. CNS side effects like dizziness. Rimantadine (Flumadine) - ANSWER-Inhaled Antiviral for Influenza A. Works by binding to ion channels formed by the membrane protein of viral envelope. High pKA so no absorption in stomach. CNS side effects like dizziness. Acyclovir, Valacyclovir, Famciclovir - ANSWER-antivirals for HSV and VZV. Block an enzyme that is essential in production of new viruses so virus cannot reproduce and replicate. SE include headach and nausea. Copyright ©SOPHIABENNETT 2025 ACADEMIC YEARALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Page 2/25 Antivirals - ANSWER-Should be takens ASAP for effect (within 48-72 hrs of ONSET of symptoms). For shingles or zoster, when you notice the rash, come in. For influenza, early signs of flu, come in (sore throat, runny nose QUICK ONSET). Amphotericin B - ANSWER-Polyene antifungal for LIFE THREATENING fungal infections. Usually have been on chemo or poor immune systems. Disrupts the integrity of fungal cell membrane. Nystatin - ANSWER-Polyene antifungal works by disrupting the integrity of the fungal cell membrane but only works for CANDIDA (unlike ammphotericin b). skin, vaginal, oral/thrush. itraconazole, fluconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole - ANSWER-triazole antifungals. inhibit critical enzyme that causes a buildup of toxic substance and leads to increased fungal membrane permeability (cell leaks out). CYP 450 system. lots of drug interactions. SE include n/v. Other -azoles (clotrimazole, ketoconazole, and miconazole) - ANSWER-imidazole antifungals are like the traizole antifungals but are indicated specifically for vulvovaginal, oropharyngeal, and tinea candidias infections. inhibit critical enzyme that causes a buildup of toxic substance and leads to increased fungal membrane permeability (cell leaks out). CYP 450 system. lots of drug interactions. SE include n/v. allylamines (lamisil) - ANSWER-ORAL antifungal for onchomycosis. works like the azole antifungals but highly active against dermatophytes so good for toenails and Copyright ©SOPHIABENNETT 2025 ACADEMIC YEARALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Page 3/25 fingernails that are infected. does not work well against candida. LIVER/GI issues because take for 12 weeeks. Pen-Lac - ANSWER-Topical antifungal indicated for onychomycosis. griseofulvin - ANSWER-antifungal used for tinea infections. works well for tinea capitis and works in children. inhibits mitosis of the fungal element. liquid form. if taken with soda can absorb better. tolnaftate (tinactin) - ANSWER-topical antifungal used for tinea infections. tinea cruris or jock itch. ethambutol - ANSWER-antitubercular drug. inhibits synthesis of mycolic acids (important for mycobacterial wall). rapidly absorbed orally. NOT monotherapy. SE is optic neuritis. Isonazid (INH) - ANSWER-antitubercular drug. well absorbed, penetrates CNS. potent. peripheral neuritis and hepatitis are side effects. Pyrazinamide (PZA) - ANSWER-antitubercular drug. widely distributed throughout all body tissues. bacteriostatic or bactericidal depending on dose. hepatic toxicity side effect. Rifabutin - ANSWER-Rifamycin. antitubercular drug. semisynthetic derivative of the rifamycins. widely distributed. inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. (inhibits protein synthesis). Copyright ©SOPHIABENNETT 2025 ACADEMIC YEARALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Page 4/25 Rifampin - ANSWER-Rifamycin. antitubercular drug. It inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. (inhibits protein synthesis). Highly protein bound so lots of potential interactions with other medications. Side effect includes n/v, red-orange discoloration of urine, tears, sweat. Lots of resistance issues BACTERICIDAL. Vancomycin - ANSWER-Lypoglycopeptide: targets cell wall. Bactericidal and active against gram negative bacteria. LARGE hydrophilic molecule usually given IV (cannot pass across GI cell membrane). Is given PO for cdiff infections to act topically in the gut. Erythromycin (multiple forms), Azithromycin, Clarithromycin - ANSWER- Macrolides. Target Protein production. Bind to bacterial ribosome to prevent protein production. Bacterial resistance is an issue because of overuse of zithromax and its convenient doxing z-pak (take for 5 days and lasts for 10 days). Tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline - ANSWER-Tetracyclines. Target Protein Production. BACTERIOSTATIC. enter bacterial cells by passive diffusion and inhibit protein synthesis. BROAD SPECTRUM but some resistance issues. Good for CHRONIC bronchitis and some skin infections. Clindamycin - ANSWER-Lincosamide. Target Protein Production. (similar to macrolides). If resistance to macrolides, usually crossover resistance. Wide range of uses. NO GRAM NEGATIVE COVERAGE. good MRSA coverage. streptomycin, neomycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin - ANSWER- Aminoglycosides. Target Protein Production. bind to outer membrane of bacteria and Copyright ©SOPHIABENNETT 2025 ACADEMIC YEARALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Page 5/25 form holes through which the drug passess, then bind to bacterial ribosome and inhibit synthesis of new proteins. SERIOUS INFECTIONS bc of side effects. topically and IV usually. TMP-SMX (trimethorprim-sulfamethoxazole) - ANSWER-Sulfa drugs. (SMX is but not TMP but similar MOA). Target DNA and replication. BACTERIOSTATIC and prevent the synthesis of bacterial folic acid. Ciprofloxacin, gemifloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin - ANSWER-fluroquinolones. Target DNA and replication. Interfere with the DNA gyration