USU COMD 5070--Week #1 Lectures

Acoustic Phonetics - answer-Measures of speech production you can get from microphone recordings and what they can tell us about the way the larynx was operating and the way the articulators were moving Aerodynamics - answer-Pressures, flows, and resistances involved in regulating our breath stream as we speak Areas of Speech Science Study - answer-1) Acoustic phonetics 2) Physiological phonetics 3) Speech perception As a general rule, a ___________________ increase in intensity is perceived as twice as loud. - answer-6-10 dB Characteristics of Pitch Perception in Music - answer-1) Different octaves are recognizable because the relationship between the notes is the same anywhere on the scale 2) Some note pairs, if they are multiples, blend harmoniously Complex Tone - answer-More than one sign wave--multiple sounds blend together Complex Tone Characteristics - answer-1) Have many frequencies 2) Fo (fundamental frequency) is often strongest 3) The auditory system responds to all frequencies heard 4) Can be periodic (more pleasant) or not dB HL - answer-A scale used by audiometers where the physical amplitude is adjusted so that 0dB reflects the minimum threshold across the entire range of frequencies generated. Difference Limens Characteristics - answer-1) Higher frequency sounds must differ more to be heard as different pitches 2) As intensity increases a larger dB change is needed for us to notice a loudness difference 3) It's more difficult to tell soft sounds apart if they are fairly close in pitch Electromyography - answer-Measurement of electrical activity in muscles as they are activated Equal Loudness Contours - answer-Show the adjustment needed before certain lower and higher frequencies can be perceived to be as loud as a 1000 Hz sound. Greater differences for lower frequency sounds. Adjustment may not be needed for higher intensity sounds. Frequency - answer-How often a waveform repeats Frequency Difference Limens (DL) - answer-Smallest detectable change in frequency Fundamental Frequency - answer-Lowest frequency component of a complex sound Harmonics Characteristics - answer-1) Create periodic sounds 2) Are integer multiples How are dB and loudness linked? - answer-1) Individual responses vary and there are no wrong perceptions 2) Influenced by the methodology of the study and the instructions given to listeners How do you study pitch perception? - answer-Listener matches perceived pitch to that of a pure tone of known frequency. How does duration influence loudness? - answer-1) Perception is affected below 500 ms (1/2 second) 2) Longer tones are more audible and seem louder 3) A briefer burst of sound at higher amplitude can give you the same total amount of energy as a longer sound at a lower amplitude--the ear integrates the energy How does frequency affect loudness? - answer-1) Hearing is more sensitive at some frequencies 2) Sounds between 1000 Hz and 5000 Hz are easiest to hear 3) Lowest and highest frequency sounds are hardest to hear 4) This is why audiometers use dB HL (hearing level) How is frequency measured? - answer-Cycles per second (Hz) How is the effect of duration on loudness studied? - answer-Vary tone duration and intensity, and record the responses. Intensity - answer-1) Amplitude or size of the wave 2) Called volume in lay terms 3) Measured in dB (logarithmic) 4) Can be dbIL (intensity level) or dB SPL (sound pressure level) 5) Measured with a sound level meter Kinematics - answer-The study of speech movements Logarithmic - answer-Each step is 10 times bigger than the one before it. Steps become increasingly large with each step upward. Loudness - answer-1) The human response to a sound's amplitude 2) Judged by listener--neither correct nor incorrect 3) Cannot be measured by equipment 4) A psychosocial scale links loudness to intensity Magnitude Estimation Procedure - answer-1) Present 60 dB sound and ask listener to rate loudness from 1-100. 2) Present other tones and ask listener to compare each one to the original sound (e.g twice as loud would be 200, a quarter as loud would be 25, etc.) Octave - answer-1) Doubling or halving of a frequency (e.g. if 400 Hz is the base, 200 Hz is one octave down, and 800 Hz is one octave up) 2) Each contains 12 semitones Physiological Phonetics Areas - answer-1) Kinematics 2) Aerodynamics 3) Electromyography P