Phonemes
A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound within a word
A phoneme consists of multiple allophones
An allophone doesn't change in meaning
-Sounds can be allophones of the same phoneme
-Sounds can be different phonemes
Minimal pairs are two words that are the same except for one sound
Change of word and meaning = different phonemes
When meaning doesn't change = allophones
Consonants
- Place of articulation
- Manner of articulation
- strong/weak contrast
Place of articulation:
Bilabial - lip to lip
Labio-dental - lip to teeth
Dental - tip of tongue to teeth
Alveolar - tip of tongue to teeth-ridge
Post-alveolar - tip of tongue to rear of teeth-ridge
Palato-alveolar - front of tongue to front of plate and rear of teeth-ridge
Palatal - centre of tongue to palate
Velar - back of tongue to soft palate
Uvular - back of tongue to uvula
Glottal - Larynx
Bilabial
, pbmw
Labio-dental
fv
Dental
θðð
Alveolar
tdnszl
Post-alveolar
r
Palato-alveolar
tʃ d͡ʒ ʃ ʒ d͡ʒ ʃ ʒ ʃ d͡ʒ ʃ ʒ ʒ ʃ ʒ
Palatal
j
Velar
kgŋ
Uvular
Dutch r
Glottal
h [ʔ]]
Manner of articulation
Plosives
Air is stopped in the mouth before being released suddenly
pbtdkg
Affricates
Air is stopped in the mouth and then released with friction
tʃ d͡ʒ ʃ ʒ d͡ʒ ʃ ʒ
Fricatives
Air is being released through a narrow opening with friction
f v θð ð h
Nasals
Air is stopped in the mouth and let out through the nose by lowering the soft palate
(velum)
mnŋ
A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound within a word
A phoneme consists of multiple allophones
An allophone doesn't change in meaning
-Sounds can be allophones of the same phoneme
-Sounds can be different phonemes
Minimal pairs are two words that are the same except for one sound
Change of word and meaning = different phonemes
When meaning doesn't change = allophones
Consonants
- Place of articulation
- Manner of articulation
- strong/weak contrast
Place of articulation:
Bilabial - lip to lip
Labio-dental - lip to teeth
Dental - tip of tongue to teeth
Alveolar - tip of tongue to teeth-ridge
Post-alveolar - tip of tongue to rear of teeth-ridge
Palato-alveolar - front of tongue to front of plate and rear of teeth-ridge
Palatal - centre of tongue to palate
Velar - back of tongue to soft palate
Uvular - back of tongue to uvula
Glottal - Larynx
Bilabial
, pbmw
Labio-dental
fv
Dental
θðð
Alveolar
tdnszl
Post-alveolar
r
Palato-alveolar
tʃ d͡ʒ ʃ ʒ d͡ʒ ʃ ʒ ʃ d͡ʒ ʃ ʒ ʒ ʃ ʒ
Palatal
j
Velar
kgŋ
Uvular
Dutch r
Glottal
h [ʔ]]
Manner of articulation
Plosives
Air is stopped in the mouth before being released suddenly
pbtdkg
Affricates
Air is stopped in the mouth and then released with friction
tʃ d͡ʒ ʃ ʒ d͡ʒ ʃ ʒ
Fricatives
Air is being released through a narrow opening with friction
f v θð ð h
Nasals
Air is stopped in the mouth and let out through the nose by lowering the soft palate
(velum)
mnŋ
