Alabama OTPS Questions & Answers(RATED A)

Alabama OTPS Questions & Answers(RATED A) Disease - Correct Answer Abnormal function caused by a continuously irritating agent and expressed by noticeable symptoms Requirements for disease - Correct Answer (1) disease agent; (2) susceptible plant; (3) favorite environment Symptom - Correct Answer The visible effect produced in or on a plant by the presence of pathogen or disease agent Sign - Correct Answer An indication of a disease from direct visibility of the pathogen Examples of Disease Symptoms - Correct Answer Spots, blights, cankers, diebacks, stunting, chlorosis, galls, root-knot, wilt. Disease Agents - Correct Answer (1)Living and (2) Non-living Living Disease Agent - Correct Answer : Fungi, Bacteria, Viruses, Viroids, Mycoplasmas, Nematodes, Parasitic Higher Plants, Protozoa Non-living Disease Agent - Correct Answer Environmental factors, Nutrition, Pollution, etc. Fungi: small organisms (Kingdom Mycetae) - Correct Answer 8000 species cause plant disease ii. Cause over 80% of plant disease iii. Consist of microscopic filaments called hyphae iv. Reproduce by spores v. Identified by spores and reproductive structures vi. Survive as parasites and saprophytes vii. Spread by wind/rain/insects Bacteria: primitive microscopic organisms (Kingdom - Prokaryotes) - Correct Answer i. 200 species cause plant disease ii. Microscopic, one-celled organisms iii. Reproduce by binary fission iv. Survive as parasites/ saprophytes v. Infect plant wounds/ natural openings vi. Spread by wind/ insects Viruses: submicroscopic structures - Correct Answer i. 500 + cause plant disease ii. Submicroscopic organisms iii. Obligate parasites iv. Nucleic acid and protein coat v. Replicate within the host cell vi. Infect plants through wounds vii. Spread by insect/seed/animals Nematodes: small round worms (Kingdom - Animal) - Correct Answer i. Round worms - plant parasites are microscopic ii. Need live host to survive iii. Use stylet to feed on plant cells iv. Most plant nematodes feed on roots v. 4 Juvenile stages and adult form and over-winter egg stage vi. Generation time 30 days (1-5 generations/yr.) vii. Spread by soil transport Disease Control Principles - Correct Answer i. Exclusion ii. Eradication iii. Protection iv. Resistance Disease Control Practices/Methods - Correct Answer i. Cultural: modifications in planting, soil fertilization, irrigation, soil preparation, etc. ii. Chemical: most are protective sprays; some chemicals provide eradication iii. Genetic: plant resistant varieties or cultivars iv. Biological Field Diagnosis Observe Plants carefully - Correct Answer 1. Check foliage for spots, yellowing, mosaics, marginal burns, growth abnormalities, insect damage 2. Examine stems and crowns for internal discoloration, external discoloration, fungal structures, bacterial ooze. 3. Examine roots for discoloration, swelling, stunting, absence of secondary roots Field Diagnosis Considerations - Correct Answer recent weather, chemicals/fertilizers applied, soil conditions, insect problems, animal damage disease, nematodes, patterns of the damage Collecting/ Packages Mailing Samples Collecting - Correct Answer 1. If spots, collect affected plant parts 2. If poor growth, collect whole plants 3. Include development stages of the problem 4. Include damage but not dead plants 5. If large plants, collect 1-3 6. If small plants, collect several - many 7. Collect and record and include information Collecting/ Packages Mailing Samples Packaging - Correct Answer 1. Gently shake soil from roots 2. Package plants in dry plastic 3. May need to wrap root ball separately 4. Packaging loose soil separately 5. Package fruits/crucifiers in newspaper Collecting/ Packages Mailing Samples Mailings - Correct Answer 1. Use a sturdy padded envelope or box 2. Mail early in week 3. Address properly The Plant Diagnostic Lab 101 Extension Hall Auburn University, AL Laboratory Diagnosis Activities of the Plant Diagnosis Lab - Correct Answer 1. Plant problem/disease-diagnosis 2. Soil nematode analysis 3. Insect Identification 4. Weed/plant identification Laboratory Diagnosis Routine Lab Procedures for Plant Sample Problems - Correct Answer 1. Visual exam 2. Microscopic exam 3. Soil pH 4. Soil soluble salts 5. Culture isolations - selective media 6. ELSA 7. Nematode analysis 8. Ref. for soil or tissue tests for minerals 9. Ref. to agronomists, horticulturists, entomologists Laboratory Diagnosis Response to Plant Sample Problems - Correct Answer 1. Identify problem or disease 2. Give control recommendations 3. To client, usually by regular mail 4. To count agent, email or phone 5. Service charge invoice included in letter to client ($10-$15) Laboratory Diagnosis Soil Nematode Analysis - Correct Answer 1. In field appearance - poor growth 2. Collecting, Packages, Mailings soil samples a. Collect moist root zone soil in late summer, earl fall b. Mix soil and remove 1 pint c. Place soil into plastic bag; seal d. Enclose in nematode carton e. Provide information on nematode carton and nematode questionnaire f. Include service charge payment of $10 g. Keep samples cool h. Mail to the Plant Diagnostic Lab early in the week Foliar Diseases Azalea- - Correct Answer Gall (Exobasidum) Diag: Symptoms Control: Sanitation; open canopy; prot. Sprays Botrytis Blosssom Blight; Ovulinia Blossom Blight Diag: (Symptoms); Microscopy; Culture Control: Sanitation Foliar Diseases Camellia - Correct Answer Virus Diag: Symptoms Control: Remove plants Crabapple - Correct Answer Cedar Apple Rust (Gymnosporangium) Diag: Symptoms; Signs Control: Sanitation and eliminate alternate host; protective spray Dogwood - Correct Answer Spot Anthracnose Diag: Symptoms Control: Sanitation Holly- - Correct Answer Leaf Spot (Fungal) Diag: Symptoms, Culture Control: Sanitation Juniper - Correct Answer Phomopsis Blight Diag: Microscopy; Culture Control: Sanitation, protective sprays Maple- - Correct Answer Anthracnose (Kabatiella) Diag: Symptoms, Microscopy, Culture Control: Sanitation, protective sprays Pear - Correct Answer Fireblight (Erwinia) Diag: Symptoms, Microscopy, Culture Control: Sanitation, blossom sprays Photinia - Correct Answer Fireblight (Erwinia) Diag: Symptoms, Microscopy, Culture Control: Sanitation Entomosporium Leaf Spot Diag: Symptoms, Microscopy Control: Sanitation, protective sprays Privet- - Correct Answer Cercospora Leaf Spot Diag: Symptoms, Microscopy, Culture Control: Sanitation, protective spray Rose- - Correct Answer Black Spot (Diplocarpon) Diag: Symptoms, Microscopy Control: Sanitation, mulching, protective sprays Cankers (Fungal) Diag: Symptoms, Microscopy, Culture Control: Sanitation, Protective sprays Crown Gall (Agrobacterium) Diag: Symptoms, Culture Control: Sanitation, avoid wounding, control root feeding insects, crop rotation Virus Diag: Symptoms Control: Sanitation Downy Mildew (Peronospora) Diag: Symptoms, Micrososcopy Control: Sanitation, protective sprays Sycamore - Correct Answer Scorch Disease (Xylella) Diag: ELISA; culture Control: Sanitation, crop rotation Many Crops- - Correct Answer Powdery Mildew Diag: Hand Lens, Microscopy, Culture Control: Sanitation, environment, protective sprays Botrytiis Blight Diag: Hand Lans, Microscopy, Culture Control: Sanitation, Environment, Protective Sprays Marigold - Correct Answer Alternaria Leaf Spot; Bacterial Leaf Spot Diag: Microscopy; Culture Control: Sanitation Periwinkle & Petunia - Correct Answer Aerial Phytophtora Blight Diag: Symptoms, Microscopy, Cultural Control: Sanitation, Aliette Sprays Many Bedding Plants - Correct Answer Impatiens Neurotic Spot Virus Diag: Symptoms, ELISA Control: Sanitation Common Turf Disease - Correct Answer Brown Patch Diag: Microscopy, Culture, Sometimes Symptoms Control: Environment, Protective Sprays Helminthosporium Leaf Spot Diag: Symptoms, Hand Lens, Microscopy Control: Environment, Protective Sprays Pythium Blight Diag: Microscopy, Culture, ELISA Control: Environment, Protective Sprays Dollar Spot (Sclerotinia) Diag: Symptoms, Microscopy Control: Environment, Protective Sprays Patch Disease (Take-all) - Correct Answer Diag: Microscopy, Culture Control: Environment, Sanitation, Protective Sprays Fairy Rings - Correct Answer Diag Symptoms Control: Environment, Sanitation, Protective Sprays Vascular Diseases - Correct Answer 1.Fusarium, Verticillium, Ceratocytsis, Pseudomonas Diag: Symptoms - external and internal; culture Control: Sanitation, Crop Rotation, Resistance Crown/Root Diseases - Correct Answer Abiotics - nutrient, environment, chemical Biotics - Armillaria, Sclerotium, Phytophthora, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Thielaviopsis, Fusarium, Nematodes Armillaria Mushroom Root Rot - Correct Answer Diag: Symptoms, Culture Control: Sanitation, Crop Rotation White Mold (Sclerotium rolfsii) - Correct Answer Diag: Symptoms, Microscopy, Culture Control: Sanitation, Chemical Phytophthora - Correct Answer Diag: Microscopy, Culture, ELISA Control: Sanitation, Environment, Crop Rotation, Resistance, Protective Drenches Pythium - Correct Answer Diag: Microscopy, Culture, ELISA Control: Sanitation, environment, crop rotation, protective drenches Rhizoctonia - Correct Answer Diag: Microscopic, Culture, ELISA Control: Sanitation, crop rotation, Protective chemical drenches Thielaviopsis (Black Root) - Correct Answer Diag: Symptoms, Microscopy, Culture Control: Sanitation, Protective Drenches Fusarium - Correct Answer Diag: Microscopy, Culture Control: Sanitation, Crop Rotation, Resistance, Protective Chemical Drenches .Nematodes (11 Genera) - Correct Answer Diag: Symptoms, Soil Nematode Analysis Control: Crop Rotation, Fallow, Resistance, Chemical TreatmentFumigation, Soil Amendment- Biologic Large Crabgrass - Correct Answer - Summer annual - Germination - late March to early April - Fibrous root system and roots at lower nodes - Lower sterns flattened, pale green, with hairy sheaths that form unsightly patches Goosegrass - Correct Answer -Summer annual grass - Silver crabgrass -Thrives in compacted soil areas - Germination may be 4 to 6 weeks later than crabgrass - Fibrous root system and roots at lower nodes - Lower sterns strongly flattened and crown is silver-white - At maturity, 4 or 5 flattened finger-like seed heads produced at end of sterns Prostrate Spurge - Correct Answer -Summer annual broad leaf weed - Prostrate, spreading weed common in waste places - Late germinating weed (later spring to early summer) - Leaves and sterns purple to green in color (sometimes spotted) -Plants have white milky (latex) sap - Tiny, inconspicuous, pinkish- white flowers are produced and many seeds Gripeweed - Correct Answer -Summer annual broadleaf weed - Phyllanthus species - Often referred to as "little mimosa" - Upright growing with strong taproot - Round capsule at base of each leaf - Each capsule contains 6 seeds Annual Lespedeza - Correct Answer -Summer annual broadleaf weed - Japanese clover - Prostrate, spreading growth habit with strong taproot - Plants are tough, wiry, dark green resembling clover - Looks like barbed wire with small brown stipules at each node - Leaves consist of 3 leaflets with distinct white parallel veins -Very small pinkish-purple flowers at each node Annual Bluegrass - Correct Answer -Low growing plant with fine stems and leaves - Leaf blades are week and are boat-shaped at tip - Grows in clumps which merge into large patches in early spring - Whitish-green colored seed heads produced below mowing height - Dies unsightly patches in late spring Bittercress - Correct Answer -Winter annual broadleaf weed - Upright square sterns with opposite leaves - Basal rosette of small segmented leaves - Sharp pointed oppressed capsules on stems - Distinctive seed dispersal Henbit - Correct Answer -Winter annual broadleaf - Upright square sterns with opposite leaves - Leaves are rounded, coarsely toothed, deeply veined, and hairy - At top of plant, leaves directly clasp the stem - Pinkish-purple trumpet-shaped flower in clusters at the end of stems - Early spring blooming weed Chickweed - Correct Answer -winter annual broadleaf weed which roots at nodes - Creeping habit of numerous branched stems forms dense patches - Leaves are opposite, oval shaped, and bright shiny green - White flowers are 5 pedaled (deeply notched); appearing as 10 petals Carolina Geranium - Correct Answer -Winter annual broadleaf weed - Simple leaves are deeply divided or segmented - Stems erect and much branched - Basal cluster of leaves with reddish-green hairy stems - Bears cluster of white to pale purple flowers at end of stems Spur weed - Correct Answer Winter annual broadleaf weed - Frequently referred to as sandspur - Prostate growth with finely dissected leaves - Leaves and stems covered with fine hairs - Fruits with spines produced from inconspicuous green flowers - Weed is not evident for most of growing period (spreads rapidly) - Plants grow in tufts and produce small 5 pedaled yellow flowers - As flowers mature, square pointed capsules are produced Hop Clover - Correct Answer Winter annual broadleaf weed - Mat-forming legume with trifoliate leaves - Numerous small white and yellow flowers produced in spring Black Medic - Correct Answer -Winter annual broadleaf weed - Dark blue-green, prostrate, spreading weed with square stems - Legume with 3 wedge shaped leaflets with spur or tooth at tip - At maturity, bright yellow flowers are compressed into cluster - Each flower develops into a tightly coiled black seedpod Cudweed - Correct Answer -Biennial broadleaf weed - Basal rosette of leaves with grayish-white appearance - Leaves are long, narrow, and blunt tipped - During second year, branched flowering stems produced with small narrow leaves - Flowers are tan to white in color and appear at the base of the upper leaves False Dandelion - Correct Answer -Biennial broadleaf weed - Basal rosette of round lobed, dissected leaves - During second year, branched leafy stem produced with several yellow flowers - Mature seed head strongly resembles dandelion Bahia grass - Correct Answer -Perennial grass weed - Mat-forming grass with stout rhizomes covered with persistent - Stems and leaves essentially hairless with leaves up to 10 inches long - At maturity, 2 seed heads in V-shaped arrangement (sometimes 3) Dallisgrass - Correct Answer -Perennial grass that grows in clumps - Thick woody rhizomes with upright stems - Leaves and stems usually hairless - 3 to 7 finger-like seed heads produced alternately at end of stm - Long hairs present at base of each finger-like seed head Torpedo Grass - Correct Answer -Perennial grass weed - Stems stiff up to 3 feet tall - Stems borne on robust, horizontal, creeping stems -Rhizomes covered with leafless, hairy sheaths - At maturity, flowers and fruits are borne in open panicles Wild Garlic - Correct Answer -Perennial weed with 3 methods of reproduction - Hollow stem with 2 or 3 round hollow leaves developing from basal bulb - Basal bulb covered by thin, whitish papery coat -At maturity, small yellow bulbs or bulblets over the basal bulb below ground - Above ground, aerial bulblets are produced at the tips of stems and greenish-pink small flowers Yellow Nutsedge - Correct Answer -Perennial sedge - Slender, triangular, pale green stems up to 24 inches tall -Most leaves basal except for yellow seed head - Leaves have sharp pointed "hypodermic" tip - Plants reproduce by seeds, rhizomes, and tubers (nuts)-Rhizomes end individual tubers (no chain of tubers) Purple Nutsedge - Correct Answer -Perennial sedge -Smooth, triangular, dark green stems - Smaller stems than yellow nutsedge and leaves have dull, blunt, or boat-shaped leaf tips - Reproduces by seed, rhizomes, and tubers (nuts) - Tuber chains develop from rhizomes Dandelion - Correct Answer -Perennial broadleaf weed with thick, fleshy orange taproot -Produces rosette of long, narrow variably lobed or serrated leaves - Plants have no stems and yellow flowers borne at end of long, bare, and hollow stalk - Flowers mature into round, white puffballs full of seeds Florida Betony - Correct Answer -Perennial broadleaf weed - Also called "rattlesnake weed" - Square stem with opposite leaves produced from large, white, constricted tubers - Leaves are hairy, shaped, and serrated - White to purple two lipped (trumpet-shaped) flowers produced at top of plants - During hot weather, top growth disappears but plant reproduces by seed or underground tubers Buckhorn Plantain - Correct Answer -Perennial broadleaf weed with taproot and strong lateral roots - Basal rosette of long, narrow pointed leaves that often twist or curl are produced - Leaf veins are ribbed or prominent on the lower surface - At maturity, leafless, hairy, and erect stems are produced with dense, compacted, and tapered seed heads Wild Strawberry - Correct Answer -Perennial broadleaf weed - Hairy, prostrate stolon's produced with trifoliate leaves - Leaflets oval shaped with serrated margins and are borne on long petioles -Single yellow flowers with 5 petals are borne on long stalks - Small, red, fleshy, and tasteless fruit produced by mature flowers Dichondra - Correct Answer -Perennial broadleaf weed that spreads by slender, creeping stems that root at the nodes - Kidney shaped leaves grow opposite each other along the horizontal stems -Small, green, and inconspicuous flowers produced along the stem - Thrives in moist soils but cannot tolerate freezing temperatures Ground Ivy - Correct Answer -Perennial broadleaf weed that forms dense patches usually in shaded areas - Plants have creeping or spreading square stems that root at the nodes and produce opposite leaves - Leaves are round with scalloped margins, rough upper surface, and heavily veined leaf surface - Produces bluish purple trumpet shaped flowers Pennywort - Correct Answer -Perennial broadleaf weed with creeping or spreading branched stems that root at the nodes - Leaves are round, fleshy, and bright green that resemble an "umbrella" with a central petiole - Produces open clusters of tine 5 pedaled star shaped flowers Virginia Buttonweed - Correct Answer -Perennial broadleaf weed - Stems somewhat fleshy and green-white in color - Elliptically shaped leaves are oppositely arranged on the stem - 4 pedaled white flowers are borne in the leaf fork or axils - Flowers develop into round "button-like" seed capsules Wild Violets - Correct Answer -Perennial broadleaf weed - Plant has spreading or creeping growth habit by rhizomes or stolons - Leaves are heart- shaped, serrate and frequently borne directly from rhizome - Violet or pansy like flowers of many different colors or shades produced Common Greenbriar - Correct Answer -Perennial broadleaf weed -Woody vine with occasional thorns -Woody convoluted rootstock that must be removed manually or mechanically - Leaves thick, dark green, and oval to heart or shield shaped - Prominent ribbed veins on lower surface of leaves - Male and female plants that produce small flowers and occasionally produce black berries Herbicides: - Correct Answer Roundup - Princep - Lasso - Ronstar - Drive - Dimension - Glyphosate - MSMA - DSMA - PreM - Balan - Rodeo-2, 4-D Dicamba, Paraquat - Surflan - Terfaln - Betasan - Diquat Atrazine - Prometon - Dacthal Insecticides: - Correct Answer Dursban - Diainon - Malathion - Merit - Talstar - Sevin - Spectracide - Orthene - Acehate - Proxal - Dasanit* - Demand - Astro - Cyfluthrin - Isophenfos - Permethrin - Pyrethrin - Milky Spore Fungicides: - Correct Answer Dyrene - Daconil 2787 - Dexon - Tersan SP - Banner - Subdue - Banrot - Mancozeb - Ziram - PCNB - Sulfur Nematocide: - Correct Answer Nemagon - Clandosan - Nemacure - Dasanit*