APHON TEST QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 2025
Cell cycle- ANSWER G0: No active replication or preparing to divide.
G1: The cell grows larger and produces more ribosomes and proteins
S: All 46 chromosomes are replicated
G2: Synthesis occurs
M: aka mitosis is the division of the cells
Programmed cell death or natural cell death is called- ANSWER apoptosis
This results from an insult such as lack of blood supply, physical trauma, or
cytotoxic therapies - ANSWER cellular necrosis
Malignant cells - ANSWER cannot undergo apoptosis, they have a
characteristic known as immortalization
The primary characteristic of a malignant cell is - ANSWER aberrant cell
division
Proto-oncogenes - ANSWER Regulate normal cell growth and repair
Oncogenes- ANSWER Are mutated proto- oncogenes that allow unrestricted
cell proliferation
Example of an oncogene- ANSWER N-MYC (associated with neuroblastoma
and glioblastoma
, Examples of DNA repair genes- ANSWER BRCA1 and BRCA2
Tumor suppressor genes-ANSWER Keep normal cellular growth in check by
regulating cellular division, DNA repair and apoptosis. If these genes are
damaged or absent, cells grow out of control. CAUSE APOPTOSIS
A hallmark of cancer- ANSWER An increase in genetic instability and mutation
rates
Why are multiple chemotherapeutic agents combined- ANSWER To overcome
drug resistance
Nadir - ANSWER The lowest level of neutrophil count in patient, usually on
day 7-10. Patient's are at greatest risk for infection during this time
Blood cell development begins with a primitive cell known as - ANSWER
Hematopoietic stem cell
Chemotherapy and radiation kills cells that are rapidly dividing. Examples of
those are: epidermal cells, bone marrow cells, epithelial lining of the GI tract
and of the oropharynx
The 3 layers of the immune system are: p. 11 - ANSWER Physical barrier, the
innate or nonspecific immune system, and the adaptive or the acquired immune
system
ANSWERS 2025
Cell cycle- ANSWER G0: No active replication or preparing to divide.
G1: The cell grows larger and produces more ribosomes and proteins
S: All 46 chromosomes are replicated
G2: Synthesis occurs
M: aka mitosis is the division of the cells
Programmed cell death or natural cell death is called- ANSWER apoptosis
This results from an insult such as lack of blood supply, physical trauma, or
cytotoxic therapies - ANSWER cellular necrosis
Malignant cells - ANSWER cannot undergo apoptosis, they have a
characteristic known as immortalization
The primary characteristic of a malignant cell is - ANSWER aberrant cell
division
Proto-oncogenes - ANSWER Regulate normal cell growth and repair
Oncogenes- ANSWER Are mutated proto- oncogenes that allow unrestricted
cell proliferation
Example of an oncogene- ANSWER N-MYC (associated with neuroblastoma
and glioblastoma
, Examples of DNA repair genes- ANSWER BRCA1 and BRCA2
Tumor suppressor genes-ANSWER Keep normal cellular growth in check by
regulating cellular division, DNA repair and apoptosis. If these genes are
damaged or absent, cells grow out of control. CAUSE APOPTOSIS
A hallmark of cancer- ANSWER An increase in genetic instability and mutation
rates
Why are multiple chemotherapeutic agents combined- ANSWER To overcome
drug resistance
Nadir - ANSWER The lowest level of neutrophil count in patient, usually on
day 7-10. Patient's are at greatest risk for infection during this time
Blood cell development begins with a primitive cell known as - ANSWER
Hematopoietic stem cell
Chemotherapy and radiation kills cells that are rapidly dividing. Examples of
those are: epidermal cells, bone marrow cells, epithelial lining of the GI tract
and of the oropharynx
The 3 layers of the immune system are: p. 11 - ANSWER Physical barrier, the
innate or nonspecific immune system, and the adaptive or the acquired immune
system
