RNSG 1128 Exam # 3 Latest Questions With Passed Solutions!!

Respiratory Alkalosis: Clinical Manifestations - ️️-ringing in the ears -lightheadedness -increased confusion Risk Factors: Pulmonary Disease - ️️-smoking -secondhand smoke -personal/family hx of pulmonary disease -genetics -exposure to allergens & environmental pollutants -exposure to recreational & occupational hazards -vitamin D deficiency -obesity -excessive exposure to APAP prenatally - two years of age Acid - Base Balance: Hypoalbuminemia - ️️-proteins are the largest buffer system in the body. -amphoteric: Can function as acid or base. -albumin: Major protein buffers in vascular compartment. pH Regulators Of The Body - ️️-bicarbonate -phosphate -protein -hemoglobin Acid - Base Roles H+ Compounding - ️️-acid: release H+ -base: accept H+ Anion Gap - ️️-cation (Na+) - Anions (Cl- & HCO3) = concentration of unmeasured anions. -ketoacidosis: Increased anion gap which results in decreased HCO3. Carbon Dioxide Transport: Plasma - ️️-(10%) CO2 is transported in the dissolved state to the lungs and exhaled. Carbon Dioxide Trasport: Bicarbonate - ️️-70% CO2 RBC's (carbonic anhydrase catalyzes CO2 + H2O - H2CO3 or carbonic acid) H2CO3 - H+ = HCO3 or bicarbonate diffuses into plasma to participate in acid - base regulation. Carbon Dioxide Transport: Hemoglobin - ️️-20% CO2 + Hemoglobin within the RBC = carbaminohemoglobin (HbCO2); loose bond allows CO2 to be released in aveolar capillaries exhaled from the lung.Acid - Base Balance: Role Of Renal Regulation - ️️-reabsorption of HCO3- & secretion of H+. -renal mechanism is slower than respiratory mechanism. Anatomy Which Covers The Lungs - ️️-visceral pleura. Breath Sounds: Asthma - ️️-inspiratory & expiratory wheezes indicative of asthma. Gerontological Considerations: The Respiratory System - ️️-50 years of age: decreased chest mobility = use of accessory muscles. Cyanosis - ️️-bluish coloring of the skin. Chest Deformity Related To COPD - ️️-barrel chest: results from overinflation of the lungs = increased anteroposterior diameter of thorax. Apnea - ️️-period of cessation of breathing; time duration varies. Neurologic Control Of Ventilation: Rate & Depth - ️️-medula oblongata -pons -apneustic center -central chemoreceptors -proprioceptors Elasticity Of Lungs & Thorax - ️️-compliance: measure of the force required to expand or inflate the lungs. Compliance - ️️-measure of the force required to expand or inflate the lungs. Tidal Volume - ️️-volume of air inspired & expired with each breath during normal breathing. Dyspnea - ️️-subjective experience that describes difficulty breathing; SOB. Cause Of Wheezing - ️️-bronchoconstriction or narrowing of the airway. Epiglotis - ️️-a valve flap of cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing. Number Of Lobes In The Right Lung - ️️-three lobes. Number Of Lobes In The Left Lung - ️️-two lobes.Pulmonary Perfusion - ️️-blood flow through the pulmonary vasculature. Cause Of Respiratory Alkalosis - ️️-hyperventilation; results in excessive blowing off of CO2. Metabolic Acidosis: Renal Control Mechanisms - ️️-the kidneys retain bicarbonate & excrete hydrogen. Metabolic Acidosis: Treatment - ️️-administer bicarbonate. Respiratory Acidosis: Diagnoses Resulting In Inadequate Ventilation - ️️- emphysema -bronchitis -sleep apnea -obesity Metabolic Acidosis: Pharmacological Treatment - ️️-administer bicarbonate. Tachypnea - ️️-abnormally rapid respirations. Surfactant - ️️-decreases surface tension, therefore improving overall lung function. Airway Resistance: Asthma - ️️-obstruction of bronchial smooth muscle. Decreased Pulmonary Compliance - ️️-decreased compliance occurs if lungs & thorax are 'stiff'. Decreased Pulmonary Compliance: Diagnosis - ️️-pneumothorax. Tidal Volume - ️️-the volume of air inhaled/exhaled with each breath. Low Ventilation - Perfusion Ratio - ️️-Perfusion Ventilation; blood bypasses the alveoli without gas exchange occurring. Low Ventilation - Perfusion Ration: Diagnosis - ️️-pneumonia.