PAC FINAL EXAM WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GUARANTEED
PASS ACTUAL EXAM GUARANTEED PASS
what does the external canal contain?
Function?
Auricle (cartilage) + Ear Canal
captures sound waves for transmission into the middle and inner
ear
Ear canal: what do the outer 2/3 contain? inner 1/3?
-outer 2/3: has hair and glands that produce cerumen
-inner 1/3: surrounded by bone and is hairless
end of ear canal: tympanic membrane
What does the middle ear contain
air-filled ossicles: malleus + incus + stapes
-malleus and incus may be visible during otoscopic exam
the middle ear connects to the ______ via the ________
nasopharynx
Eustachian tube
Eustachian tube acts to ventilate the middle ear and
allows pressure regulation; also drains mucus into the
nasopharynx
,Ossicles transform sound vibrations into _________ for inner
ear
mechanical waves
inner ear components
Cochlea + Semicircular canals + CN VIII (vestibulocochlear
nerve)
-Cochlea is for hearing
-Semicircular canals are for balance = labyrinth
Cochlea is for ________
Semicircular canals are for ________ = labyrinth
hearing
balance
what is the correct order for examining the ear
1. Inspect
2. Palpate
3. Auditory Acuity
-Whispered voice test by standing 2 feet behind the patient
-Screening test
4. Otoscopic exam
-Visualize the ear canal and tympanic membrane
-Pull auricle upward and backward
,Most cases can be divided into outer ear and inner ear
problems:
-Outer: external to the TM
-otitis externa, foreign body, mastoiditis
Pain to tragus and ear canal inspection
-Inner: TM
-otitis media, serous otitis media, barotrauma
-Adults usually have referred pain:
-dental
-TMJ
-cervical spine/neck
-neuralgias
-tumors
Serious causes of ear pain are rare
4 serious causes:
-Malignancy (referred pain)
-Malignant/necrotizing external otitis (Pseudomonas)
-Temporal arteritis (headache, scalp tenderness)
-Mastoiditis (fever with post-auricular swelling)
, MC pathogen for AOM
Haemophilus influenzae
hallmark of AOM
bulging tympanic membrane
-loss of light reflex
serous otitis media
A fluid buildup in the middle ear that can follow acute otitis
media or can be caused by obstruction of the Eustachian tube
Malignant otitis media
P. aeruginosa (common in elderly and diabetes)
mastoiditis
inflammation of the mastoid bone --> post auricular swelling,
erythema, tenderness
-urgent and often surgical intervention by ENT
Bulbous Myringitis
Hemorrhagic painful vesicles on the TM
-urgent and often surgical intervention by ENT
GOLD STANDARD for measuring brain's response to sound
ABR
PASS ACTUAL EXAM GUARANTEED PASS
what does the external canal contain?
Function?
Auricle (cartilage) + Ear Canal
captures sound waves for transmission into the middle and inner
ear
Ear canal: what do the outer 2/3 contain? inner 1/3?
-outer 2/3: has hair and glands that produce cerumen
-inner 1/3: surrounded by bone and is hairless
end of ear canal: tympanic membrane
What does the middle ear contain
air-filled ossicles: malleus + incus + stapes
-malleus and incus may be visible during otoscopic exam
the middle ear connects to the ______ via the ________
nasopharynx
Eustachian tube
Eustachian tube acts to ventilate the middle ear and
allows pressure regulation; also drains mucus into the
nasopharynx
,Ossicles transform sound vibrations into _________ for inner
ear
mechanical waves
inner ear components
Cochlea + Semicircular canals + CN VIII (vestibulocochlear
nerve)
-Cochlea is for hearing
-Semicircular canals are for balance = labyrinth
Cochlea is for ________
Semicircular canals are for ________ = labyrinth
hearing
balance
what is the correct order for examining the ear
1. Inspect
2. Palpate
3. Auditory Acuity
-Whispered voice test by standing 2 feet behind the patient
-Screening test
4. Otoscopic exam
-Visualize the ear canal and tympanic membrane
-Pull auricle upward and backward
,Most cases can be divided into outer ear and inner ear
problems:
-Outer: external to the TM
-otitis externa, foreign body, mastoiditis
Pain to tragus and ear canal inspection
-Inner: TM
-otitis media, serous otitis media, barotrauma
-Adults usually have referred pain:
-dental
-TMJ
-cervical spine/neck
-neuralgias
-tumors
Serious causes of ear pain are rare
4 serious causes:
-Malignancy (referred pain)
-Malignant/necrotizing external otitis (Pseudomonas)
-Temporal arteritis (headache, scalp tenderness)
-Mastoiditis (fever with post-auricular swelling)
, MC pathogen for AOM
Haemophilus influenzae
hallmark of AOM
bulging tympanic membrane
-loss of light reflex
serous otitis media
A fluid buildup in the middle ear that can follow acute otitis
media or can be caused by obstruction of the Eustachian tube
Malignant otitis media
P. aeruginosa (common in elderly and diabetes)
mastoiditis
inflammation of the mastoid bone --> post auricular swelling,
erythema, tenderness
-urgent and often surgical intervention by ENT
Bulbous Myringitis
Hemorrhagic painful vesicles on the TM
-urgent and often surgical intervention by ENT
GOLD STANDARD for measuring brain's response to sound
ABR
