AHN 572: Respiratory 2 Study Guide Solutions
Normal Resting Minute Ventilation - ANSWER✔✔-5-6L/min
What is minute ventilation? - ANSWER✔✔-Amount of air exchanged in 1 minute
I:E Ratio - ANSWER✔✔-The ratio of inspiratory time to expiratory time during each
ventilator cycle.
A typical time ratio is one-third for inspiration, two-thirds for expiration
A typical I:E ratio? - ANSWER✔✔-A typical time ratio is one-third for inspiration, two-
thirds for expiration
Causes of increase pulmonary vascular resistance - ANSWER✔✔-1. vasoconstriction
(e.g. hyoxemia and or acidosis)
2. Loss of vasculature (e.g. emphysema and lung resection)
3. Occlusion of the pulmonary vasculature (PE)
4. Relative stenosis of the pulmonary vasculature
Primary Etiologies of Pulmonary Hypertension? (5) - ANSWER✔✔-1. Increased
pulmonary vascular resistance
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,2. Increased pulmonary venous pressure
3. Increased pulmonary blood flow
4. Polycythemia
5. Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension
Primary causes of increased pulmonary venous pressure? (3) - ANSWER✔✔-1. Left
ventricular failure or hypertrophy
2. Valvular heart disease (e.g. mitral stenosis and aortic stenosis)
3. Constrictive pericarditis
Minute Ventilation Calculation - ANSWER✔✔-TV x RR (L/min
Initial TV setting - ANSWER✔✔-8-10 ml/kg ideal body weight
For every 10mmHg change in PCO2, the pH will change by _____. - ANSWER✔✔-0.08
What is TNM? - ANSWER✔✔-An international staging system.
T: describes tumor size and location
N: describes presence and location of nodal metastases
M: refers to presence or absence of distant mets
Used for NSCLC
Stage I-II benefit from surgery
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,Stage IIIb-IV do not benefit from surgery
Two categories of SCLC? - ANSWER✔✔-Limited: tumor is limited to the unilateral
hemithorax (30%)
Extensive: Tumor extends beyond hemithorax
PFT in Lung Cancer - ANSWER✔✔-1. If FEV1 < 2L, then predicted post-op calculated
FEV1 should be performed
2. Post-op FEV1 >800ml associated with low incidence of perioperative complications
3. Post-op FEV1 <700ml considered high risk for complications
S/S of Lung Cancer - ANSWER✔✔-1. Anorexia, weight loss, or asthenia occurs in 55-
90%
2. Up to 60% have a new cough or a change in a chronic cough
3. 6-31% have hemoptysis
4. 25-40% complain of pain
5. change in voice (compromise of the recurrent laryngeal nerve)
6. superior vena cava syndrome (obstruction of the superior vena cava with
supraclavicular venous engorgement)
7. Horner syndrome (ipsilateral ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis from involvement of the
inferior cervical ganglion and the paravertebral sympathetic chain).
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, 8. Distant metastases to the liver are associated with asthenia and weight loss.
9. Brain metastases (10% in NSCLC, more common in adenocarcinoma, and 20-30% in
SCLC) may present with headache, nausea, vomiting, seizures, dizziness, or altered
mental status.
Paraneoplastic syndromes: - ANSWER✔✔-1. Occur in 10-20% of lung cancer patients
2. small cell carcinoma, SIADH can develop in 10-15%
3. squamous cell carcinoma, hypercalcemia in 10%
4. Digital clubbing is seen in up to 20% of patients at diagnosis
5. Other common paraneoplastic syndromes include increased ACTH production,
anemia, hypercoagulability, peripheral neuropathy, and the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic
syndrome
Treatment: Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma - ANSWER✔✔-Stage I, II patients: treated
with surgical resection where possible
Stage II, and possibly a subset of stage IB, are additionally recommended to receive
adjuvant chemotherapy.
Stage IIIA patients have poor outcomes when treated with resection alone.
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Normal Resting Minute Ventilation - ANSWER✔✔-5-6L/min
What is minute ventilation? - ANSWER✔✔-Amount of air exchanged in 1 minute
I:E Ratio - ANSWER✔✔-The ratio of inspiratory time to expiratory time during each
ventilator cycle.
A typical time ratio is one-third for inspiration, two-thirds for expiration
A typical I:E ratio? - ANSWER✔✔-A typical time ratio is one-third for inspiration, two-
thirds for expiration
Causes of increase pulmonary vascular resistance - ANSWER✔✔-1. vasoconstriction
(e.g. hyoxemia and or acidosis)
2. Loss of vasculature (e.g. emphysema and lung resection)
3. Occlusion of the pulmonary vasculature (PE)
4. Relative stenosis of the pulmonary vasculature
Primary Etiologies of Pulmonary Hypertension? (5) - ANSWER✔✔-1. Increased
pulmonary vascular resistance
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Page 1/40
,2. Increased pulmonary venous pressure
3. Increased pulmonary blood flow
4. Polycythemia
5. Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension
Primary causes of increased pulmonary venous pressure? (3) - ANSWER✔✔-1. Left
ventricular failure or hypertrophy
2. Valvular heart disease (e.g. mitral stenosis and aortic stenosis)
3. Constrictive pericarditis
Minute Ventilation Calculation - ANSWER✔✔-TV x RR (L/min
Initial TV setting - ANSWER✔✔-8-10 ml/kg ideal body weight
For every 10mmHg change in PCO2, the pH will change by _____. - ANSWER✔✔-0.08
What is TNM? - ANSWER✔✔-An international staging system.
T: describes tumor size and location
N: describes presence and location of nodal metastases
M: refers to presence or absence of distant mets
Used for NSCLC
Stage I-II benefit from surgery
Copyright ©EMILYCHARLENE2025. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Page 2/40
,Stage IIIb-IV do not benefit from surgery
Two categories of SCLC? - ANSWER✔✔-Limited: tumor is limited to the unilateral
hemithorax (30%)
Extensive: Tumor extends beyond hemithorax
PFT in Lung Cancer - ANSWER✔✔-1. If FEV1 < 2L, then predicted post-op calculated
FEV1 should be performed
2. Post-op FEV1 >800ml associated with low incidence of perioperative complications
3. Post-op FEV1 <700ml considered high risk for complications
S/S of Lung Cancer - ANSWER✔✔-1. Anorexia, weight loss, or asthenia occurs in 55-
90%
2. Up to 60% have a new cough or a change in a chronic cough
3. 6-31% have hemoptysis
4. 25-40% complain of pain
5. change in voice (compromise of the recurrent laryngeal nerve)
6. superior vena cava syndrome (obstruction of the superior vena cava with
supraclavicular venous engorgement)
7. Horner syndrome (ipsilateral ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis from involvement of the
inferior cervical ganglion and the paravertebral sympathetic chain).
Copyright ©EMILYCHARLENE2025. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Page 3/40
, 8. Distant metastases to the liver are associated with asthenia and weight loss.
9. Brain metastases (10% in NSCLC, more common in adenocarcinoma, and 20-30% in
SCLC) may present with headache, nausea, vomiting, seizures, dizziness, or altered
mental status.
Paraneoplastic syndromes: - ANSWER✔✔-1. Occur in 10-20% of lung cancer patients
2. small cell carcinoma, SIADH can develop in 10-15%
3. squamous cell carcinoma, hypercalcemia in 10%
4. Digital clubbing is seen in up to 20% of patients at diagnosis
5. Other common paraneoplastic syndromes include increased ACTH production,
anemia, hypercoagulability, peripheral neuropathy, and the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic
syndrome
Treatment: Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma - ANSWER✔✔-Stage I, II patients: treated
with surgical resection where possible
Stage II, and possibly a subset of stage IB, are additionally recommended to receive
adjuvant chemotherapy.
Stage IIIA patients have poor outcomes when treated with resection alone.
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Page 4/40
