Praxis Principles of Learning and Teaching: Grades 7-12 PLT Exam Questions With Correct Answers

Praxis Principles of Learning and Teaching: Grades 7-12 PLT Exam Questions With Correct Answers Bandura - answerTheorist - "Social Learning Theory" Children learn by observing others. Model behaviors and skills. Cognitive and Behavioral. 1. attention 2. retention 3. motor reproduction 4. motivation Bruner - answerTheorist - Cognition - "Constructivist Theory." Discovery learning and scaffolding. Learning is an active process, learners construct ideas based on knowledge or past experiences. Instruction should allow students to discover information by themselves (dialog). (1) predisposition towards learning, (2) the ways in which a body of knowledge can be structured so that it can be most readily grasped by the learner, (3) the most effective sequences in which to present material, and (4) the nature and pacing of rewards and punishments Dewey - answerLearning Through Experience and father of progressive education. Project- based learning, cooperative learning. Learning is a process of living. Teach children to be problem solvers. "Just Dew it" Piaget - answerTheorist (Biology and Philosophy) - "Genetic Epistemology." - wanted to know how knowledge developed in human organisms 4 Stages of Cognitive Development. sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, and formal operations. sensorimotor (Piaget) - answer(0-2 years), intelligence takes the form of motor actions. preoperations (Piaget) - answer(3-7 years) Intelligence is intuitive in nature. ©THEBRIGHT EXAM SOLUTIONS 11/7/2024 12:35 PM concrete operations (Piaget) - answer(8-11 years) Intelligence is logical but depends upon concrete referents. formal operations (Piaget) - answer(12-15 years), thinking involves abstractions. Assimilation - answerinvolves the interpretation of events in terms of existing cognitive structure accommodation - answerrefers to changing the cognitive structure to make sense of the environment Vygotsky - answerTheorist - The major theme of Vygotsky's theoretical framework is that social interaction plays a fundamental role in the development of cognition. cognitive development depends on Zone of Proximal Development (what the student can do with help). "social development theory of learning." Cognitive. Kohlberg - answerTheory of moral development (pre-conventional, conventional, and post- conventional). theorist Bloom - answerHis taxonomy of learning domains - impact the way educators writer learning objectives, plan learning activities, and assess student performance. Thorndike - answerConnectionism. Learning theorist. (cat in box experiment) Law of Effect: any behavior that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated, and any behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is likely to be stopped. Learning is the result of associations forming between stimuli and responses. Such associations or "habits" become strengthened or weakened by the nature and frequency of the S-R pairings. Watson - answerFounder of behaviorism (also called learning theory). controversal - he conditioned fear of white rats and other furry objects in "Little Albert," an orphaned 11-month-old boy. Skinner - answerpioneer of Operant conditioning - believed everything we do is determined by our past history of reinforcements and punishments. Erikson - answerEgo Psychologist. discusses psychosocial stages. Influenced by Freud. Created 8 Psychosocial Stages. Stage 1 - answerCrisis: Trust vs. mistrust Virtue: Hope ©THEBRIGHT EXAM SOLUTIONS 11/7/2024 12:35 PM Age: Infancy 0-1/1.5 Stage 2 - answerCrisis: Autonomy vs. Shame Virtue: Will Age: Early Childhood 1.5-3 Stage 3 - answerCrisis: Initiative vs. guilt Virtue: Purpose Age: Play Age 3-5 Stage 4 - answerCrisis: Industry vs. Inferiority Virtue: Competency Age: School Age 5-12 Stage 5 - answerCrisis: Ego identity vs. Role confusion Virtue: Fidelity Age: Adolescence 12-18 Stage 6 - answerCrisis: Intimacy vs. Isolation Virtue: Love Age: Young Adult 18-40 Stage 7 - answerCrisis: Generativity vs. Stagnation Virtue: Care Age: Adult hood 40-65 Stage 8 - answerCrisis: Ego integrity vs. despair Virtue: Wisdom Age: Maturity 65+ Metacognition - answerthinking about how you think Transfer - answerThe ability to apply a lesson learned in one situation to a new situation. Self-efficacy - answerA belief that one is capable.