PHS4300 NEUROPATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
What structures is the brainstem composed of? - Answer Medulla, pons, midbrain.
What structures is the diencephalon composed of? - Answer Thalamus & hypothalamus.
What is the cerebrum composed of? - Answer Basal ganglia & cerebral cortex.
Where does all perception & voluntary move'nt derive from? - Answer Cerebral cortex.
What structures help the motor areas of the cerebral cortex to execute the complex task
of producing move'nt? - Answer Cerebellum & basal ganglia.
What structures have reflex circuits for automatic responses to sensory stimuli? -
Answer Brainstem & spinal cord.
Tactile anesthesia (inability to feel object in hand) would result from damage to _____
(which carry sensory info to primary somatosensory cortex for perception). - Answer
Touch sensory neurons of hand.
Tactile agnosia (inability to identify object in hand w eyes closed) would result from
damage to ______. - Answer Somatosensory association cortex.
Why does cerebral palsy occur? - Answer Abnorm development of motor control areas
of cerebrum.
What is Huntington's disease? - Answer Degenerative disease of basal ganglia causing
involuntary move'nt.
What is spina bifida? - Answer Congenital birth defect in which vertebrae are not
protecting spinal cord.
What occurs in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis? - Answer Degeneration of upper and
lower motoneurons producing paralysis.
What occurs in myasthenia gravis? - Answer Ab attack ACh receptors on skeletal
muscle.
What is a viral infection that damages spinal motoneurons? - Answer Poliomyelitis.
What is a viral or bacterial infection of the meninges which can damage the underlying
nervous tissue? - Answer Meningitis.
What is a bacterial infection which kills neurons forming the dorsal roots and dorsal
columns? - Answer Neurosyphyllis.
Are tumors derived from glial cells or neurons? - Answer Glial cells.
, In which way can neural activity be disrupted w regards to vascular events? - Answer
Ischemic stroke due to vessel occlusion or hemorrhagic stroke due to ruptured
aneurysm.
How can neural activity be disrupted w regards to metabolic events? - Answer Blood
toxins from renal failure, diabetic ketoacidosis, lack of Vit B12 needed for myelination).
What is a major excitatory NT? - Answer Glutamate.
What is a major inhibitory NT? - Answer GABA.
In which 2 areas is the blood-brain barrier absent? - Answer Brainstem vomiting center
& hypothalamus.
After how many mins without blood supply do neurons die? (Compared w 20 mins for
heart & 6 hrs for skeletal muscle). - Answer 5
What is the purpose of the circle of Willis? - Answer Compensation for blockage of
internal carotid artery - otherwise: stroke.
What % of CO does brain use at rest? - Answer 20%
What can be transported thru endothelial cell wall (blood-brain barrier)? - Answer Most
lipid insoluble nutrients or metabolic products.
A ruptured aneurysm leads to a ____ stroke while occlusion leads to an _____ stroke. -
Answer Hemorrhagic
Ischemic
An aneurysm is due to a ___(weak/strong) arterial wall that stretches & can burst
leading to internal bleeding and a _____ _____. - Answer Weak
Hemorrhagic stroke.
What stimulant drug increases BP & risk of bursting aneurysm? - Answer Cocaine.
What is the most common cause of brain damage & 3rd leading cause of death? What 2
things can cause it? - Answer Ischemic stroke
Arterial stenosis or embolism.
What are used to stimulate the norm process of clot breakdown following ischemic
stroke due to embolism? - Answer Thrombolytic agents (clot busters).
What is the area of dead tissue called in ischemic stroke cases? What is the surrounding
area called that is made of cells that will soon die if untreated? - Answer Zone of
infarction
Penumbra
STUDY GUIDE
What structures is the brainstem composed of? - Answer Medulla, pons, midbrain.
What structures is the diencephalon composed of? - Answer Thalamus & hypothalamus.
What is the cerebrum composed of? - Answer Basal ganglia & cerebral cortex.
Where does all perception & voluntary move'nt derive from? - Answer Cerebral cortex.
What structures help the motor areas of the cerebral cortex to execute the complex task
of producing move'nt? - Answer Cerebellum & basal ganglia.
What structures have reflex circuits for automatic responses to sensory stimuli? -
Answer Brainstem & spinal cord.
Tactile anesthesia (inability to feel object in hand) would result from damage to _____
(which carry sensory info to primary somatosensory cortex for perception). - Answer
Touch sensory neurons of hand.
Tactile agnosia (inability to identify object in hand w eyes closed) would result from
damage to ______. - Answer Somatosensory association cortex.
Why does cerebral palsy occur? - Answer Abnorm development of motor control areas
of cerebrum.
What is Huntington's disease? - Answer Degenerative disease of basal ganglia causing
involuntary move'nt.
What is spina bifida? - Answer Congenital birth defect in which vertebrae are not
protecting spinal cord.
What occurs in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis? - Answer Degeneration of upper and
lower motoneurons producing paralysis.
What occurs in myasthenia gravis? - Answer Ab attack ACh receptors on skeletal
muscle.
What is a viral infection that damages spinal motoneurons? - Answer Poliomyelitis.
What is a viral or bacterial infection of the meninges which can damage the underlying
nervous tissue? - Answer Meningitis.
What is a bacterial infection which kills neurons forming the dorsal roots and dorsal
columns? - Answer Neurosyphyllis.
Are tumors derived from glial cells or neurons? - Answer Glial cells.
, In which way can neural activity be disrupted w regards to vascular events? - Answer
Ischemic stroke due to vessel occlusion or hemorrhagic stroke due to ruptured
aneurysm.
How can neural activity be disrupted w regards to metabolic events? - Answer Blood
toxins from renal failure, diabetic ketoacidosis, lack of Vit B12 needed for myelination).
What is a major excitatory NT? - Answer Glutamate.
What is a major inhibitory NT? - Answer GABA.
In which 2 areas is the blood-brain barrier absent? - Answer Brainstem vomiting center
& hypothalamus.
After how many mins without blood supply do neurons die? (Compared w 20 mins for
heart & 6 hrs for skeletal muscle). - Answer 5
What is the purpose of the circle of Willis? - Answer Compensation for blockage of
internal carotid artery - otherwise: stroke.
What % of CO does brain use at rest? - Answer 20%
What can be transported thru endothelial cell wall (blood-brain barrier)? - Answer Most
lipid insoluble nutrients or metabolic products.
A ruptured aneurysm leads to a ____ stroke while occlusion leads to an _____ stroke. -
Answer Hemorrhagic
Ischemic
An aneurysm is due to a ___(weak/strong) arterial wall that stretches & can burst
leading to internal bleeding and a _____ _____. - Answer Weak
Hemorrhagic stroke.
What stimulant drug increases BP & risk of bursting aneurysm? - Answer Cocaine.
What is the most common cause of brain damage & 3rd leading cause of death? What 2
things can cause it? - Answer Ischemic stroke
Arterial stenosis or embolism.
What are used to stimulate the norm process of clot breakdown following ischemic
stroke due to embolism? - Answer Thrombolytic agents (clot busters).
What is the area of dead tissue called in ischemic stroke cases? What is the surrounding
area called that is made of cells that will soon die if untreated? - Answer Zone of
infarction
Penumbra
