PHS3300 - Diabetes Lectures Test
With Accurate Answers
What organ does hormonal control of blood glucose reside with largely? - Answer the
endocrine pancreas
What part of the pancreas secretes digestive juices into the duodenum? - Answer the
exocrine part which is composed of the acini
What do the islets of Langerhans of the endocrine pancreas secrete? - Answer secretes
insulin, glucagon and other hormones directly to the blood.
What hormone do Beta cells of the islets of Langerhans produce? What is this hormone
and how is it stored? - Answer proinsulin - it is a pro-hormone which means it is not in its
active form and needs to undergo a modification in order to become activated. It is
stored in granules, where it is cleaved into insulin and C-peptide that are secreted
together (which is the modification that is needed for it to be activated)
What hormone do Alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans secrete? - Answer glucagon
into the blood
What hormone does Delta cells of the islets of Langerhans produce? And what does this
hormone do? - Answer somatostatin - it inhibits insulin and glucagon
What do F cells of the islets of Langerhans produce? - Answer pancreatic peptide (PP)
Rank the following islets of Langerhans in order from most prevalent in the pancreas to
least prevalent:
- Delta cells
- Beta cells
- Alpha cells
- F cells - Answer 1. Beta (60%)
2. Alpha (25%)
3. Delta (10%)
4. F (5%)
What 2 hormones are the most important in regulating fuel metabolism? - Answer insulin
and glucagon
What is the structure of insulin? - Answer it is a polypeptide which is produced and
stored in the body as an inactive hexamer
, Describe the 5 step process of glucose-stimulated exocytosis of insulin from beta cells
of the pancreas - Answer 1. glucose binds to the glucose transporter 1 on the PM of the
beta and glucose enters the beta cell
2. the glucose molecule undergoes glucokinase and turns into glucose-6-phosphate
3. glucose-6-phosphate undergoes oxidation and turns into ATP
4. This ATP molecule closes K+ channels causing depolarization of the beta cell and
opens up Ca+ channels
5. The increased Ca+ levels causes the granule of insulin to be released via exocytosis
and releases insulin, amylin and the C- peptide
What are the 2 roles of amylin when released from the beta cells - Answer 1.
inhibits/slows gastric emptying
2. suppresses glucagon release
Define hyperglycemia - Answer too much glucose in the blood
Define hypoglycemia - Answer too little glucose in the blood
Compare the absorptive state and post-absorptive state of metabolism - Answer
absorptive:
- anabolic process
- building things up and putting energy sources into storage
- synthesis and storage of major molecules like proteins, carbs and fats
post-absorptive:
- catabolic
- degradation and depletion of energy sources
- uses energy in storage in order to get us through until our next meal
Under normal circumstances, insulin secretion occurs in 2 phases. Describe the 2
phases (ensure to talk about what produces the first phase) - Answer 1st phase:
- the postprandial (after a meal) increase in blood glucose and the incretin hormones
(GIP and GLP) produce the first phase
- within 3-5 mins of increased blood glucose, [insulin] in plasma increases almost 10x
- release of preformed insulin
2nd phase:
With Accurate Answers
What organ does hormonal control of blood glucose reside with largely? - Answer the
endocrine pancreas
What part of the pancreas secretes digestive juices into the duodenum? - Answer the
exocrine part which is composed of the acini
What do the islets of Langerhans of the endocrine pancreas secrete? - Answer secretes
insulin, glucagon and other hormones directly to the blood.
What hormone do Beta cells of the islets of Langerhans produce? What is this hormone
and how is it stored? - Answer proinsulin - it is a pro-hormone which means it is not in its
active form and needs to undergo a modification in order to become activated. It is
stored in granules, where it is cleaved into insulin and C-peptide that are secreted
together (which is the modification that is needed for it to be activated)
What hormone do Alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans secrete? - Answer glucagon
into the blood
What hormone does Delta cells of the islets of Langerhans produce? And what does this
hormone do? - Answer somatostatin - it inhibits insulin and glucagon
What do F cells of the islets of Langerhans produce? - Answer pancreatic peptide (PP)
Rank the following islets of Langerhans in order from most prevalent in the pancreas to
least prevalent:
- Delta cells
- Beta cells
- Alpha cells
- F cells - Answer 1. Beta (60%)
2. Alpha (25%)
3. Delta (10%)
4. F (5%)
What 2 hormones are the most important in regulating fuel metabolism? - Answer insulin
and glucagon
What is the structure of insulin? - Answer it is a polypeptide which is produced and
stored in the body as an inactive hexamer
, Describe the 5 step process of glucose-stimulated exocytosis of insulin from beta cells
of the pancreas - Answer 1. glucose binds to the glucose transporter 1 on the PM of the
beta and glucose enters the beta cell
2. the glucose molecule undergoes glucokinase and turns into glucose-6-phosphate
3. glucose-6-phosphate undergoes oxidation and turns into ATP
4. This ATP molecule closes K+ channels causing depolarization of the beta cell and
opens up Ca+ channels
5. The increased Ca+ levels causes the granule of insulin to be released via exocytosis
and releases insulin, amylin and the C- peptide
What are the 2 roles of amylin when released from the beta cells - Answer 1.
inhibits/slows gastric emptying
2. suppresses glucagon release
Define hyperglycemia - Answer too much glucose in the blood
Define hypoglycemia - Answer too little glucose in the blood
Compare the absorptive state and post-absorptive state of metabolism - Answer
absorptive:
- anabolic process
- building things up and putting energy sources into storage
- synthesis and storage of major molecules like proteins, carbs and fats
post-absorptive:
- catabolic
- degradation and depletion of energy sources
- uses energy in storage in order to get us through until our next meal
Under normal circumstances, insulin secretion occurs in 2 phases. Describe the 2
phases (ensure to talk about what produces the first phase) - Answer 1st phase:
- the postprandial (after a meal) increase in blood glucose and the incretin hormones
(GIP and GLP) produce the first phase
- within 3-5 mins of increased blood glucose, [insulin] in plasma increases almost 10x
- release of preformed insulin
2nd phase:
