PHS3300 Final Exam With
Complete Solution
Hemolytic anemias - Answer conditions of insufficient iron in the blood due to the
destruction of red blood cells resulting from genetic blood diseases, toxins, or infectious
pathogens
are accompanied by jaundice due to ↑levels of bilirubin
Aplastic anemia - Answer characterized by an absence of all formed blood elements
caused by the failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow
petechia & purpura due to ↓ platelet function
Macrocytic - Answer larger than normal cell size
- High mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
Macula densa cells - Answer Specialized cells in the ascending limb which monitor the
NaCl content of the filtrate entering the DCT
Albumin - Answer protein in blood; maintains the proper amount of water in the blood
3.5-5 g/dL
proteinuria (albuminuria) - Answer presence of protein in urine ( not normal finding)
podocyte - Answer epithelial cells lining Bowman's capsule, whose foot processes form
filtration slits
Actin - Answer A globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically
about each other, forming microfilaments in muscle and other contractile elements in
cells.
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system - Answer a hormone cascade pathway that helps
regulate blood pressure and blood volume
Minimal change disease - Answer nephrons look normal under a regular microscope, is
the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children
- More common in children
- Can be treated with steroids
- No change in gross glomerular architecture
- Podocyte foot process effacement
,- Heavy proteinuria
effacement of cells - Answer
Epidemic - Answer affecting or tending to affect an atypically large number of
individuals within a population, community, or region at the same time <TYPHOID<
span>was epidemic
How do we deal with this epidemic? (diabeties) - Answer 1. Prevention
- education
- physical activity
- better eating habits
2. Treatment
- glycemic control (diet / medication)
- blood pressure control (ACEi / ARBs)
- reduce proteinuria
Nephritic syndrome - Answer group of clinical signs and symptoms, present in some
disorders, that cause glomerulonephritis; marked by blood and protein in the urine and
by edema in various parts of the body
Nephrosis - Answer
Disorders Caused by Renal Failure (8) - Answer 1. Hyperkalemia
2. Edema- Generalized and Pulmonary
3. Hypertension
4. Metabolic Acidosis
5. Uremia: Seen in AKI and End Stage CKD listed from most to least life-threatening
Seen only in CKD:
6. Anemia
7. Bone Disease
8. Failure to concentrate or dilute the urine
Collapsing Glomerulopathy - Answer
Acute Kidney Injury may be caused by factors: - Answer -upstream of the kidney i.e.
pre-renal failure,
, -intrinsic renal failure i.e. primary renal failure
-downstream of the kidney i.e. post-renal failure
Pre-renal failure: - Answer Usually related to decreased perfusion (GI losses, burns),
CHF or low BP
Intrinsic renal failure (vascular, glomerular or tubular): - Answer toxins i.e. mercury or
iron, obstruction to blood flow i.e. arterial stenosis, renal embolism/ thrombosis -arterial
or venous, RPGN (ANCA, αGBM)
Post-renal failure: - Answer obstruction of urine flow-e.g.prostatic enlargement,
uretheral obstruction (renal stone lodged in the urethra)
RIFLE criteria: - Answer Risk: serum creatinine increased 1.5 times or urine production
of <0.5 ml/kg for 6 hours
Injury: doubling of creatinine or urine production <0.5 ml/kg for 12 hours
Failure: tripling of creatinine or creatinine >355 μmol/l (with a rise of >44) (>4 mg/dl) OR
urine output below 0.3 ml/kg for 24 hours
Loss: persistent AKI or complete loss of kidney function for more than 4 weeks
End stage renal disease: complete loss of kidney function for more than 3 months
Calcium oxalate is a major component of ________ - Answer Kidney stones
Hydroureter - Answer the distention of the ureter with urine that cannot flow because
the ureter is blocked
Hydronephrosis - Answer the dilation (swelling) of one or both kidneys
Urinary tract infections / kidney disease - Answer Low pH and flow rate typically
discourage bacterial growth in the urinary tract
UTI risk factors - Answer More common in women
Reflux
stones
pregnancy
catheters
UTI organisms - Answer Gram negative E Coli
Klebsiella
Proteus
Complete Solution
Hemolytic anemias - Answer conditions of insufficient iron in the blood due to the
destruction of red blood cells resulting from genetic blood diseases, toxins, or infectious
pathogens
are accompanied by jaundice due to ↑levels of bilirubin
Aplastic anemia - Answer characterized by an absence of all formed blood elements
caused by the failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow
petechia & purpura due to ↓ platelet function
Macrocytic - Answer larger than normal cell size
- High mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
Macula densa cells - Answer Specialized cells in the ascending limb which monitor the
NaCl content of the filtrate entering the DCT
Albumin - Answer protein in blood; maintains the proper amount of water in the blood
3.5-5 g/dL
proteinuria (albuminuria) - Answer presence of protein in urine ( not normal finding)
podocyte - Answer epithelial cells lining Bowman's capsule, whose foot processes form
filtration slits
Actin - Answer A globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically
about each other, forming microfilaments in muscle and other contractile elements in
cells.
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system - Answer a hormone cascade pathway that helps
regulate blood pressure and blood volume
Minimal change disease - Answer nephrons look normal under a regular microscope, is
the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children
- More common in children
- Can be treated with steroids
- No change in gross glomerular architecture
- Podocyte foot process effacement
,- Heavy proteinuria
effacement of cells - Answer
Epidemic - Answer affecting or tending to affect an atypically large number of
individuals within a population, community, or region at the same time <TYPHOID<
span>was epidemic
How do we deal with this epidemic? (diabeties) - Answer 1. Prevention
- education
- physical activity
- better eating habits
2. Treatment
- glycemic control (diet / medication)
- blood pressure control (ACEi / ARBs)
- reduce proteinuria
Nephritic syndrome - Answer group of clinical signs and symptoms, present in some
disorders, that cause glomerulonephritis; marked by blood and protein in the urine and
by edema in various parts of the body
Nephrosis - Answer
Disorders Caused by Renal Failure (8) - Answer 1. Hyperkalemia
2. Edema- Generalized and Pulmonary
3. Hypertension
4. Metabolic Acidosis
5. Uremia: Seen in AKI and End Stage CKD listed from most to least life-threatening
Seen only in CKD:
6. Anemia
7. Bone Disease
8. Failure to concentrate or dilute the urine
Collapsing Glomerulopathy - Answer
Acute Kidney Injury may be caused by factors: - Answer -upstream of the kidney i.e.
pre-renal failure,
, -intrinsic renal failure i.e. primary renal failure
-downstream of the kidney i.e. post-renal failure
Pre-renal failure: - Answer Usually related to decreased perfusion (GI losses, burns),
CHF or low BP
Intrinsic renal failure (vascular, glomerular or tubular): - Answer toxins i.e. mercury or
iron, obstruction to blood flow i.e. arterial stenosis, renal embolism/ thrombosis -arterial
or venous, RPGN (ANCA, αGBM)
Post-renal failure: - Answer obstruction of urine flow-e.g.prostatic enlargement,
uretheral obstruction (renal stone lodged in the urethra)
RIFLE criteria: - Answer Risk: serum creatinine increased 1.5 times or urine production
of <0.5 ml/kg for 6 hours
Injury: doubling of creatinine or urine production <0.5 ml/kg for 12 hours
Failure: tripling of creatinine or creatinine >355 μmol/l (with a rise of >44) (>4 mg/dl) OR
urine output below 0.3 ml/kg for 24 hours
Loss: persistent AKI or complete loss of kidney function for more than 4 weeks
End stage renal disease: complete loss of kidney function for more than 3 months
Calcium oxalate is a major component of ________ - Answer Kidney stones
Hydroureter - Answer the distention of the ureter with urine that cannot flow because
the ureter is blocked
Hydronephrosis - Answer the dilation (swelling) of one or both kidneys
Urinary tract infections / kidney disease - Answer Low pH and flow rate typically
discourage bacterial growth in the urinary tract
UTI risk factors - Answer More common in women
Reflux
stones
pregnancy
catheters
UTI organisms - Answer Gram negative E Coli
Klebsiella
Proteus
