1
PREP
FINAL PREP PATH370 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 100%
GUARANTEED PASS (LATEST UPDATE)
Know the different types of fractures - ANS ✓1) transverse: straight line at
approx 90def angle to longitudinal axis of bone
2) spiral: result of rotational forces and cause bone to sep in form of an S around
bone
3) longitudinal: split bone along its length
4) oblique: result from rotational force, break along oblique course (45deg angle)
and does not rotate around entire bone
5) comminuted: more than one fracture line and more than 2 bone fragments
6) impacted: excessive force that drives fragment into another
7) greenstick: incomplete break in the bone w intact side of cortex flexed
(children)
8) stress: failure of one cortical surface of bone, often caused by repetitive
activity like running
9) avulsion: separation of small fragment of bone at site of attachment of
ligament or tendon
Muscle strains are caused by abnormal contractions - ANS ✓
Know the phases of bone healing - ANS ✓1) hematoma formation
2) fibrocartilage formation
3) callus formation
4) ossification
5) consolidatory remodeling
PREP PATH370
, 2
PREP
Three phases
Inflammatory --> reparative --> remodeling (healing)
Pain is a subjective experience difficult to measure objectively - ANS ✓
One common cause of acute pain is headache, migraine will present as
severe, pounding headache with nausea and photophobia - ANS ✓-
headache: one of the most common causes of acute pain
- migraine result from dysfunction of brainstem areas involved w modulation of
craniovasc afferent fibers
- release of inflam chemicals causes vasodilation
- activation of brainstem --> stimulation of trigeminal nucleus caudalis
- assoc w depression and anxiety
- childhood trauma higher risk
- unilateral pounding or throbbing pain accomp w nausea, vomiting,
photophobia, phonophobia, lacrimation
- flashing lights, visual disturbances can precede
Parkinson disease is a deficiency of dopamine in substantia nigra, will give
rest tremor and skeletal muscle rigidity - ANS ✓- idiopathic or acquired
- acquired: infection, intoxication (phenothiazine, butryophenone), trauma
- results from degeneraton of pigmented dopaminergic neurons found in
substantia nigra
- lewy bodies and amyloid plaques may be found (link w alzheimer disease)
- mitochondrial dysfunction from oxidative stress, genetics, environmental toxins
- genes: alpha-synuclein gene, PINK1/parkin, LRRK2
- early signs = loss of flexibility, aching, fatigue
- worse on one side then progresses to both
- tremor = first symptoms recognized
- bradykinesia, rigidity, hypokinesia, loss of facial expr, infreq eye blinking
PREP PATH370
, 3
PREP
- small handwriting (micrographia), low monotone voice
- paradoxical kinesia: act quickly in times of emergency
- orthostatic hypotension, imbalance, depression, dementia, daytime sleepiness
- dopamine cannot cross BBB so it cannot be used to treat (only precursors)
Cerebral aneurysms present with a severe sudden headache, results in
subarachnoid hemorrhage - ANS ✓aneurysm: lesion of artery that results in
dilation and ballooning of segment of vessel
- high bp, acute alcohol intoxication, recreational drug use like cocaine
- congenital defects of medial layer of artery
- produce severe headache
- stiff and painful neck results from meningismus caused by irritating properties
of blood in CSF
- post rupture--> sudden injection of blood into subarachnoid spaces raises ICP
and distors intracranial structures --> secondary cerebral vasospam
- results in incr cerebral ischemia and infarction
- rebleeding = most srs consequence of initial rupture
- blood in CSF = subarachnoid hemorrhage
Know the risk factors and symptoms for meningitis - ANS ✓meningitis:
microbial invasion of the CNS
- person w AIDS have incr susceptibility
- bacterium = streptococcus pneumoniae
- by bloodstream or by extension from cranial structures
- invades leptomeninges and subarachnoid space
- headache, fever, stiff neck, confusion, delirium
- deterioration in LOC
- dramatic tachpnea
- seizures
- occular palsies, facial weakness, deafness, vertigo
PREP PATH370
PREP
FINAL PREP PATH370 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 100%
GUARANTEED PASS (LATEST UPDATE)
Know the different types of fractures - ANS ✓1) transverse: straight line at
approx 90def angle to longitudinal axis of bone
2) spiral: result of rotational forces and cause bone to sep in form of an S around
bone
3) longitudinal: split bone along its length
4) oblique: result from rotational force, break along oblique course (45deg angle)
and does not rotate around entire bone
5) comminuted: more than one fracture line and more than 2 bone fragments
6) impacted: excessive force that drives fragment into another
7) greenstick: incomplete break in the bone w intact side of cortex flexed
(children)
8) stress: failure of one cortical surface of bone, often caused by repetitive
activity like running
9) avulsion: separation of small fragment of bone at site of attachment of
ligament or tendon
Muscle strains are caused by abnormal contractions - ANS ✓
Know the phases of bone healing - ANS ✓1) hematoma formation
2) fibrocartilage formation
3) callus formation
4) ossification
5) consolidatory remodeling
PREP PATH370
, 2
PREP
Three phases
Inflammatory --> reparative --> remodeling (healing)
Pain is a subjective experience difficult to measure objectively - ANS ✓
One common cause of acute pain is headache, migraine will present as
severe, pounding headache with nausea and photophobia - ANS ✓-
headache: one of the most common causes of acute pain
- migraine result from dysfunction of brainstem areas involved w modulation of
craniovasc afferent fibers
- release of inflam chemicals causes vasodilation
- activation of brainstem --> stimulation of trigeminal nucleus caudalis
- assoc w depression and anxiety
- childhood trauma higher risk
- unilateral pounding or throbbing pain accomp w nausea, vomiting,
photophobia, phonophobia, lacrimation
- flashing lights, visual disturbances can precede
Parkinson disease is a deficiency of dopamine in substantia nigra, will give
rest tremor and skeletal muscle rigidity - ANS ✓- idiopathic or acquired
- acquired: infection, intoxication (phenothiazine, butryophenone), trauma
- results from degeneraton of pigmented dopaminergic neurons found in
substantia nigra
- lewy bodies and amyloid plaques may be found (link w alzheimer disease)
- mitochondrial dysfunction from oxidative stress, genetics, environmental toxins
- genes: alpha-synuclein gene, PINK1/parkin, LRRK2
- early signs = loss of flexibility, aching, fatigue
- worse on one side then progresses to both
- tremor = first symptoms recognized
- bradykinesia, rigidity, hypokinesia, loss of facial expr, infreq eye blinking
PREP PATH370
, 3
PREP
- small handwriting (micrographia), low monotone voice
- paradoxical kinesia: act quickly in times of emergency
- orthostatic hypotension, imbalance, depression, dementia, daytime sleepiness
- dopamine cannot cross BBB so it cannot be used to treat (only precursors)
Cerebral aneurysms present with a severe sudden headache, results in
subarachnoid hemorrhage - ANS ✓aneurysm: lesion of artery that results in
dilation and ballooning of segment of vessel
- high bp, acute alcohol intoxication, recreational drug use like cocaine
- congenital defects of medial layer of artery
- produce severe headache
- stiff and painful neck results from meningismus caused by irritating properties
of blood in CSF
- post rupture--> sudden injection of blood into subarachnoid spaces raises ICP
and distors intracranial structures --> secondary cerebral vasospam
- results in incr cerebral ischemia and infarction
- rebleeding = most srs consequence of initial rupture
- blood in CSF = subarachnoid hemorrhage
Know the risk factors and symptoms for meningitis - ANS ✓meningitis:
microbial invasion of the CNS
- person w AIDS have incr susceptibility
- bacterium = streptococcus pneumoniae
- by bloodstream or by extension from cranial structures
- invades leptomeninges and subarachnoid space
- headache, fever, stiff neck, confusion, delirium
- deterioration in LOC
- dramatic tachpnea
- seizures
- occular palsies, facial weakness, deafness, vertigo
PREP PATH370
