NURS8024 PHARM NEWEST 2024 -2025 Exam 1/
COMPLETE 200 STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS/ GRADED A+
Treatment of GERD with mild or intermittent symptoms - Correct Answer - • Antacids
• H2-blockers if symptoms last >2 hours or occur at night
• OTC doses usually are sufficient
Treatment of GERD with moderate symptoms - Correct Answer - • Symptoms that occur
several times a week or daily
• PPI daily or prescription-strength H2-blocker bid
• Treatment should continue for 4 to 8 weeks
Treatment of GERD with severe symptoms and erosive disease - Correct Answer - • PPI
daily, may increase to bid × 8 to 12 weeks
• Repeat endoscopy is not required if patient responds to treatment
• Relapse rate is about 80% (usually w/i 3 months)
• Requires maintenance therapy
• If no response, refer to surgery
• Promotility drugs are not recommended for GERD unless no response to therapy with
a PPI or H2RA
• Sucralfate
Major causative factors of peptic ulcer disease - Correct Answer - • NSAIDS use
• Gram-negative Helicobacter pylori infection
• increased hydrochloric acid secretion
pg. 1
,• inadequate mucosal defense against gastric acid.
3 steps to treatment of peptic ulcer disease - Correct Answer - 1) eradicating the H.
pylori infection
2) reduction of gastric acid secretion (H2blockers and PPIs)
3) agents that protect gastric mucosa from damage (misoprostol and sucralfate)
Optimal treatment for peptic ulcer disease with H. Pylori requires - Correct Answer -
Antibiotic Rx: document infection w/ H. pylori via endoscopic biopsy of gastric mucosa
or including serologic tests, urea breath tests
Eradicating H. Pylori with PUD results in - Correct Answer - rapid healing, low
recurrence rates of PUD
Antibiotic treatment for H. Pylori - Correct Answer - use multiple antibiotics; *single ATB
much less effective (20 to 40 %), results in antimicrobial resistance and is absolutely not
recommended*
Major factors in diarrhea - Correct Answer - Increased motility of the GI Tract,
decreased absorption
used as temporary adjunct tx in acute non-specific & functional chronic diarrhea -
Correct Answer - Anti-diarrheal agents
anti-diarrheal drugs include - Correct Answer - antimotility agents, adsorbents, & drugs
that modify fluid and electrolyte transport
Anti-diarrheal drugs should not be used - Correct Answer - in patients w/ bloody
diarrhea, high fever, or systemic toxicity
Indications for anti-diarrheal meds - Correct Answer - • Acute Nonspecific Diarrhea
• Chronic Diarrhea (IBS or IBD)
pg. 2
,• Treatment of Acute or Traveler's Diarrhea
• Mild to Moderate Diarrhea
Antisecretory agents - Correct Answer - • bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol)
• Bismuth may exert antimicrobial effects
• Salicylate provides antisecretory effects
Two drugs widely used to treat diarrhea - Correct Answer - Antimotility agents:
- diphenoxylate & atropine (Lomotil)
- loperamide (Imodium)
*Both have opioid-like actions on the gut, decreases peristalsis*
Lomotil formulated with atropine - Correct Answer - reduce the likelihood of abuse
• No analgesic effects @ antimotility doses
Antimotility Agents ADEs - Correct Answer - drowsiness, abdominal cramps, and
dizziness
Can contribute to toxic megacolon,
• should not be used in young children or in pts w/ severe colitis
Pharmacotherapy for Glaucoma - Correct Answer - targeted at ↓ production of aqueous
humor at the ciliary body and ↑ outflow through the trabecular meshwork and
uveoscleral pathways
• Topical prostaglandin analogs (Xalatan)
• Topical β blockers- nonselective-bind to β 1 & β 2 receptors (timolol)
Antihistamines for the eye - Correct Answer - • Antazoline - Naphazoline
(vasoconstrictor) w/ Pheniramine & antazoline, (H1 receptor antagonists)
pg. 3
, • Allergic conjunctivitis: Albanol, Clear Eyes, Nephron
Mast-cell stabilizers - Correct Answer - Lod oxamide tromethamine (ALOMIDE)
and pemirolast (ALAMAST) Cromolyn (CROLOM)
• Nedocromil (ALOCRIL) - primarily a mast-cell stabilizer with some antihistamine
properties.
• Olopatadine hydrochloride (PATANOL) H1 -receptor antagonist and inhibits histamine
release from the mast cell
• ketotifen (Claritin Eye) antihistamine and mast cell stabilizer.
Vitamin A - Correct Answer - Essential role in the function of the retina
*Deficiency in Vitamin A - loss of ability for dark adaptation
*Vitamin A deficiency interferes with vision in dim light (night blindness) (nyctalopia)
Xerophthalmia - Correct Answer - • Extreme dryness and thickening of the conjunctiva
• Recognized to be r/t vitamin A deficiency- during World War I
• Xerophthalmia in humans was a result of ↓ butterfat in the diet
Keratomalacia - Correct Answer - • Softening, drying & ulceration of the cornea resulting
from vitamin A deficiency
• Reports of nutritional keratomalacia from all parts of the world
Human skin is a complex series of - Correct Answer - diffusion barriers
4 Major variables determining pharmacologic response to drugs applied to the skin
include - Correct Answer - 1. Regional variation in drug penetration
2. Concentration Gradient
3. Dosing Schedule
4. Vehicles and Occlusion
pg. 4
COMPLETE 200 STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS/ GRADED A+
Treatment of GERD with mild or intermittent symptoms - Correct Answer - • Antacids
• H2-blockers if symptoms last >2 hours or occur at night
• OTC doses usually are sufficient
Treatment of GERD with moderate symptoms - Correct Answer - • Symptoms that occur
several times a week or daily
• PPI daily or prescription-strength H2-blocker bid
• Treatment should continue for 4 to 8 weeks
Treatment of GERD with severe symptoms and erosive disease - Correct Answer - • PPI
daily, may increase to bid × 8 to 12 weeks
• Repeat endoscopy is not required if patient responds to treatment
• Relapse rate is about 80% (usually w/i 3 months)
• Requires maintenance therapy
• If no response, refer to surgery
• Promotility drugs are not recommended for GERD unless no response to therapy with
a PPI or H2RA
• Sucralfate
Major causative factors of peptic ulcer disease - Correct Answer - • NSAIDS use
• Gram-negative Helicobacter pylori infection
• increased hydrochloric acid secretion
pg. 1
,• inadequate mucosal defense against gastric acid.
3 steps to treatment of peptic ulcer disease - Correct Answer - 1) eradicating the H.
pylori infection
2) reduction of gastric acid secretion (H2blockers and PPIs)
3) agents that protect gastric mucosa from damage (misoprostol and sucralfate)
Optimal treatment for peptic ulcer disease with H. Pylori requires - Correct Answer -
Antibiotic Rx: document infection w/ H. pylori via endoscopic biopsy of gastric mucosa
or including serologic tests, urea breath tests
Eradicating H. Pylori with PUD results in - Correct Answer - rapid healing, low
recurrence rates of PUD
Antibiotic treatment for H. Pylori - Correct Answer - use multiple antibiotics; *single ATB
much less effective (20 to 40 %), results in antimicrobial resistance and is absolutely not
recommended*
Major factors in diarrhea - Correct Answer - Increased motility of the GI Tract,
decreased absorption
used as temporary adjunct tx in acute non-specific & functional chronic diarrhea -
Correct Answer - Anti-diarrheal agents
anti-diarrheal drugs include - Correct Answer - antimotility agents, adsorbents, & drugs
that modify fluid and electrolyte transport
Anti-diarrheal drugs should not be used - Correct Answer - in patients w/ bloody
diarrhea, high fever, or systemic toxicity
Indications for anti-diarrheal meds - Correct Answer - • Acute Nonspecific Diarrhea
• Chronic Diarrhea (IBS or IBD)
pg. 2
,• Treatment of Acute or Traveler's Diarrhea
• Mild to Moderate Diarrhea
Antisecretory agents - Correct Answer - • bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol)
• Bismuth may exert antimicrobial effects
• Salicylate provides antisecretory effects
Two drugs widely used to treat diarrhea - Correct Answer - Antimotility agents:
- diphenoxylate & atropine (Lomotil)
- loperamide (Imodium)
*Both have opioid-like actions on the gut, decreases peristalsis*
Lomotil formulated with atropine - Correct Answer - reduce the likelihood of abuse
• No analgesic effects @ antimotility doses
Antimotility Agents ADEs - Correct Answer - drowsiness, abdominal cramps, and
dizziness
Can contribute to toxic megacolon,
• should not be used in young children or in pts w/ severe colitis
Pharmacotherapy for Glaucoma - Correct Answer - targeted at ↓ production of aqueous
humor at the ciliary body and ↑ outflow through the trabecular meshwork and
uveoscleral pathways
• Topical prostaglandin analogs (Xalatan)
• Topical β blockers- nonselective-bind to β 1 & β 2 receptors (timolol)
Antihistamines for the eye - Correct Answer - • Antazoline - Naphazoline
(vasoconstrictor) w/ Pheniramine & antazoline, (H1 receptor antagonists)
pg. 3
, • Allergic conjunctivitis: Albanol, Clear Eyes, Nephron
Mast-cell stabilizers - Correct Answer - Lod oxamide tromethamine (ALOMIDE)
and pemirolast (ALAMAST) Cromolyn (CROLOM)
• Nedocromil (ALOCRIL) - primarily a mast-cell stabilizer with some antihistamine
properties.
• Olopatadine hydrochloride (PATANOL) H1 -receptor antagonist and inhibits histamine
release from the mast cell
• ketotifen (Claritin Eye) antihistamine and mast cell stabilizer.
Vitamin A - Correct Answer - Essential role in the function of the retina
*Deficiency in Vitamin A - loss of ability for dark adaptation
*Vitamin A deficiency interferes with vision in dim light (night blindness) (nyctalopia)
Xerophthalmia - Correct Answer - • Extreme dryness and thickening of the conjunctiva
• Recognized to be r/t vitamin A deficiency- during World War I
• Xerophthalmia in humans was a result of ↓ butterfat in the diet
Keratomalacia - Correct Answer - • Softening, drying & ulceration of the cornea resulting
from vitamin A deficiency
• Reports of nutritional keratomalacia from all parts of the world
Human skin is a complex series of - Correct Answer - diffusion barriers
4 Major variables determining pharmacologic response to drugs applied to the skin
include - Correct Answer - 1. Regional variation in drug penetration
2. Concentration Gradient
3. Dosing Schedule
4. Vehicles and Occlusion
pg. 4
