MSN 571 Pharmacology Week 1 Midterm
Exam Questions Solved Solutions.
How does age-related acidity decline in the stomach affect medication absorption? - Answer
Absorption of some medications is affected by age-related acidity declines in the stomach.
How do age-related changes in total body water and serum albumin levels affect medication
distribution? - Answer Age-related changes such as decreased total body water and low serum albumin
levels affect medication distribution, predisposing older adults to toxicity.
How does decreased liver mass and blood flow affect medication metabolism? - Answer Decreased
liver mass and blood flow alter medication metabolism, making more medication available in the
bloodstream and predisposing older adults to toxicity.
How does variable renal function due to normal aging affect the elimination of medications? - Answer
Eliminating medications by the kidneys is affected by variable renal function due to normal aging.
What are the consequences of declines in neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine and dopamine
associated with normal aging? - Answer Declines in neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine and
dopamine associated with normal aging can lead to increased toxicity.
What are the effects of diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's on neurotransmitter loss? - Answer
Diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's cause neurotransmitter loss, compounding the problem and
leading to increased toxicity.
What are the side effects of anticholinergic medications in older adults? - Answer Anticholinergic
medications cause dry mouth, urinary retention, confusion, and impaired cognition in older adults.
What is the purpose of the Beers Criteria? - Answer To decrease inappropriate medication use in the
elderly.
What are some common medications included in the Beers Criteria? - Answer Benzodiazepines, first-
generation antihistamines, tricyclic antidepressants, and NSAIDs.
, What are the risks associated with benzodiazepines? - Answer Cognitive impairment, delirium, falls,
fractures, and motor vehicle accidents.
What are the risks associated with first-generation antihistamines? - Answer Confusion, dry mouth,
constipation, and other anticholinergic symptoms such as drowsiness, somnolence, blurred vision,
urinary retention, dry mouth, dizziness, constipation, and confusion.
What are the risks associated with tricyclic antidepressants? - Answer Sedation, orthostatic
hypotension, and anticholinergic symptoms.
What are the risks associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)? - Answer GI
bleeding and ulcers.
Give examples of benzodiazepines included in the Beers Criteria. - Answer Lorazepam and diazepam.
Give examples of first-generation antihistamines included in the Beers Criteria. - Answer
Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) and hydroxyzine.
Give examples of tricyclic antidepressants included in the Beers Criteria. - Answer Amitriptyline and
nortriptyline.
Give examples of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) included in the Beers Criteria. - Answer
Ibuprofen and naproxen.
What are some changes in pharmacokinetics during pregnancy? - Answer Increases in drug-
metabolizing enzymes, altered body composition, organ blood flow, and increased glomerular filtration
rate.
How does increased elimination affect drug exposure during pregnancy? - Answer Increased
elimination results in decreased drug exposure.
Exam Questions Solved Solutions.
How does age-related acidity decline in the stomach affect medication absorption? - Answer
Absorption of some medications is affected by age-related acidity declines in the stomach.
How do age-related changes in total body water and serum albumin levels affect medication
distribution? - Answer Age-related changes such as decreased total body water and low serum albumin
levels affect medication distribution, predisposing older adults to toxicity.
How does decreased liver mass and blood flow affect medication metabolism? - Answer Decreased
liver mass and blood flow alter medication metabolism, making more medication available in the
bloodstream and predisposing older adults to toxicity.
How does variable renal function due to normal aging affect the elimination of medications? - Answer
Eliminating medications by the kidneys is affected by variable renal function due to normal aging.
What are the consequences of declines in neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine and dopamine
associated with normal aging? - Answer Declines in neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine and
dopamine associated with normal aging can lead to increased toxicity.
What are the effects of diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's on neurotransmitter loss? - Answer
Diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's cause neurotransmitter loss, compounding the problem and
leading to increased toxicity.
What are the side effects of anticholinergic medications in older adults? - Answer Anticholinergic
medications cause dry mouth, urinary retention, confusion, and impaired cognition in older adults.
What is the purpose of the Beers Criteria? - Answer To decrease inappropriate medication use in the
elderly.
What are some common medications included in the Beers Criteria? - Answer Benzodiazepines, first-
generation antihistamines, tricyclic antidepressants, and NSAIDs.
, What are the risks associated with benzodiazepines? - Answer Cognitive impairment, delirium, falls,
fractures, and motor vehicle accidents.
What are the risks associated with first-generation antihistamines? - Answer Confusion, dry mouth,
constipation, and other anticholinergic symptoms such as drowsiness, somnolence, blurred vision,
urinary retention, dry mouth, dizziness, constipation, and confusion.
What are the risks associated with tricyclic antidepressants? - Answer Sedation, orthostatic
hypotension, and anticholinergic symptoms.
What are the risks associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)? - Answer GI
bleeding and ulcers.
Give examples of benzodiazepines included in the Beers Criteria. - Answer Lorazepam and diazepam.
Give examples of first-generation antihistamines included in the Beers Criteria. - Answer
Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) and hydroxyzine.
Give examples of tricyclic antidepressants included in the Beers Criteria. - Answer Amitriptyline and
nortriptyline.
Give examples of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) included in the Beers Criteria. - Answer
Ibuprofen and naproxen.
What are some changes in pharmacokinetics during pregnancy? - Answer Increases in drug-
metabolizing enzymes, altered body composition, organ blood flow, and increased glomerular filtration
rate.
How does increased elimination affect drug exposure during pregnancy? - Answer Increased
elimination results in decreased drug exposure.
