PSYC 2700 Chapter 15 Study Guide Test
Questions And Actual Answers.
Assertion - Answer - One's attempt to exert influence over the environment
- Tendency to take action on behalf of the self through competitive, independent, or aggressive
behaviors
Affiliation - Answer - Tendency to make connection w/ others through being emotionally open,
empathetic, or cooperative
Traditional masculine role - Answer - Stresses assertion over affiliation
Traditional feminine role - Answer - Stresses affiliation over assertion
Collaboration - Answer - Coordination of assertion and affiliation in behavior, which is associated w/
gender-role flexibility and more common in girls than boys
Sex - Answer - Implies biological origins for differences b/w males and females
Gender - Answer - Refers to one's social categorization as either male or female
Gender-typed - Answer - Behaviors associated w/ a given person's gender (ex. playing w/ dolls is
gender-typed for girls)
Cross-gender-typed - Answer - Behaviors associated w/ the opposite gender of a given person (ex.
playing w/ dolls is cross-gender-typed for boys)
Gender typing - Answer - The process of gender socialization and development
, Evolutionary psychology theory - Answer - Certain behavioral tendencies occur b/c they helped
humans survive during the course of evolution
- Sex-linked personality dispositions evolved to increase the chances that women and men would
successfully mate and protect their offspring
Biosocial theory - Answer - Focuses on the evolution of physical differences b/w the sexes and
proposes that these differences have behavioral and social consequences
- The most important physical differences have been men's greater average size, strength, and foot
speed and women's childbearing and nursing capacities
- Both physical sex differences and social ecology shape the different gender roles assigned to men and
women, as well as the socialization of boys and girls
Neuroscience approach - Answer - Focuses on testing whether and how hormones and brain
functioning relate to variation in gender development
Androgens - Answer - Class of steroid hormones that normally occur at higher levels in males than in
females and that affect physical development and functioning from the prenatal period onward
- Can have organizing or activating influences on the nervous system
Organizing influences - Answer - Potential result of certain sex-linked hormones affecting brain
differentiation and organization during prenatal development or at puberty (ex. sex-related differences in
prenatal androgens may influence the organization and functioning of the nervous sytem, which may be
related to later average gender differences in certain play preferences)
Activating influences - Answer - Potential result of certain fluctuations in sex-linked hormone levels
affecting the contemporaneous activation of the nervous system and corresponding behavioral
responses (ex. body increases androgen production in response to perceived threats, w/ possible
implications for gender differences in aggression)
Gender dysphoria disorder - Answer - Psychiatric diagnosis that refers to children who identify w/ the
other gender and have cross-gender-typed interests
Transgender - Answer - A person whose gender identity doesn't match his/her genetic sex
- Includes individuals who identify w/ the other sex, both sexes, or neither sex
Questions And Actual Answers.
Assertion - Answer - One's attempt to exert influence over the environment
- Tendency to take action on behalf of the self through competitive, independent, or aggressive
behaviors
Affiliation - Answer - Tendency to make connection w/ others through being emotionally open,
empathetic, or cooperative
Traditional masculine role - Answer - Stresses assertion over affiliation
Traditional feminine role - Answer - Stresses affiliation over assertion
Collaboration - Answer - Coordination of assertion and affiliation in behavior, which is associated w/
gender-role flexibility and more common in girls than boys
Sex - Answer - Implies biological origins for differences b/w males and females
Gender - Answer - Refers to one's social categorization as either male or female
Gender-typed - Answer - Behaviors associated w/ a given person's gender (ex. playing w/ dolls is
gender-typed for girls)
Cross-gender-typed - Answer - Behaviors associated w/ the opposite gender of a given person (ex.
playing w/ dolls is cross-gender-typed for boys)
Gender typing - Answer - The process of gender socialization and development
, Evolutionary psychology theory - Answer - Certain behavioral tendencies occur b/c they helped
humans survive during the course of evolution
- Sex-linked personality dispositions evolved to increase the chances that women and men would
successfully mate and protect their offspring
Biosocial theory - Answer - Focuses on the evolution of physical differences b/w the sexes and
proposes that these differences have behavioral and social consequences
- The most important physical differences have been men's greater average size, strength, and foot
speed and women's childbearing and nursing capacities
- Both physical sex differences and social ecology shape the different gender roles assigned to men and
women, as well as the socialization of boys and girls
Neuroscience approach - Answer - Focuses on testing whether and how hormones and brain
functioning relate to variation in gender development
Androgens - Answer - Class of steroid hormones that normally occur at higher levels in males than in
females and that affect physical development and functioning from the prenatal period onward
- Can have organizing or activating influences on the nervous system
Organizing influences - Answer - Potential result of certain sex-linked hormones affecting brain
differentiation and organization during prenatal development or at puberty (ex. sex-related differences in
prenatal androgens may influence the organization and functioning of the nervous sytem, which may be
related to later average gender differences in certain play preferences)
Activating influences - Answer - Potential result of certain fluctuations in sex-linked hormone levels
affecting the contemporaneous activation of the nervous system and corresponding behavioral
responses (ex. body increases androgen production in response to perceived threats, w/ possible
implications for gender differences in aggression)
Gender dysphoria disorder - Answer - Psychiatric diagnosis that refers to children who identify w/ the
other gender and have cross-gender-typed interests
Transgender - Answer - A person whose gender identity doesn't match his/her genetic sex
- Includes individuals who identify w/ the other sex, both sexes, or neither sex
