Cog Sci 200 midterm exam umich
questions and answers
associationist view - Answers -associations between verbal behaviors and rewards
through positive reinforcement
everything about lang is learned
frontal lobe - Answers -thinking, memory, behavior, movement
parietal lobe - Answers -language and touch
temporal lobe - Answers -hearing, learning, and feelings
occipital lobe - Answers -vision
cerebellum - Answers -balance and coordination
brain stem - Answers -breathing, heart rate, temperature
superior/dorsal - Answers -to the top
posterior/caudal - Answers -to the back
inferior/ventral - Answers -to the bottom
anterior/rostral - Answers -to the front
four problems with associationist account - Answers -stimulus independence,
productivity, systematicity, novelty
hierarchical - Answers -a sentence is broken down into abstract constituents which can
be further broken down
recursive - Answers -allow for repeated application of certain rules that can operate on
the output of other rules, which can form infinite loops. explains productivity
combinatoric - Answers -phrase structure rules are defined and can be recombined in
open-ended ways
, cognitive/Chomskian account of language - Answers -there are innate structures that
aid us in learning language. use abstract combinatoric rules that are largely innate
(universal grammar/phrase structure grammars)
Chomsky's two critical observations of language - Answers -language has a unique
pattern of universality, rules of language are combinatoric and made using highly
abstract categories
universality - Answers -language exists in all human societies
within a group, everyone of normal intelligence develops lang
languages have same complexity everywhere
supports innatenes bc: how else would we explain this?
poverty of the stimulus argument - Answers -language must be innate because children
are given little explicit language knowledge, but have a complex output
universal grammar hypothesis - Answers -all languages have an innate grammar
template that allows for locally specified variation
chomskian view that says it is the initial state of human mind that allows it to acquire
and grow lang
jukebox analogy (universal grammar) - Answers -Jukeboxes have a large amount of
different music to play, they allow for locally specified variation. The music they play is
not learned from the environment, its menu has prespecified options and the local
environments (eg the person choosing the song) triggers the option. Like universal
grammar
Nicaraguan sign language - Answers -This shows that language is not taught, and not
learned by imitation or analogy
youngest signers were most likely to use combinatoric patterns
functional level of language - Answers -mapping sounds to meanings
algorithmic level of language - Answers -phrase structure trees
physical level of language - Answers -primary auditory cortex, Wernicke's area, Broca's
area, primary motor cortex (M1)
Wernicke's area - Answers -temporal lobe, semantic region
primary auditory cortex - Answers -temporal lobe
Broca's area - Answers -frontal lobe, syntactic region
motor cortex - Answers -frontal lobe
questions and answers
associationist view - Answers -associations between verbal behaviors and rewards
through positive reinforcement
everything about lang is learned
frontal lobe - Answers -thinking, memory, behavior, movement
parietal lobe - Answers -language and touch
temporal lobe - Answers -hearing, learning, and feelings
occipital lobe - Answers -vision
cerebellum - Answers -balance and coordination
brain stem - Answers -breathing, heart rate, temperature
superior/dorsal - Answers -to the top
posterior/caudal - Answers -to the back
inferior/ventral - Answers -to the bottom
anterior/rostral - Answers -to the front
four problems with associationist account - Answers -stimulus independence,
productivity, systematicity, novelty
hierarchical - Answers -a sentence is broken down into abstract constituents which can
be further broken down
recursive - Answers -allow for repeated application of certain rules that can operate on
the output of other rules, which can form infinite loops. explains productivity
combinatoric - Answers -phrase structure rules are defined and can be recombined in
open-ended ways
, cognitive/Chomskian account of language - Answers -there are innate structures that
aid us in learning language. use abstract combinatoric rules that are largely innate
(universal grammar/phrase structure grammars)
Chomsky's two critical observations of language - Answers -language has a unique
pattern of universality, rules of language are combinatoric and made using highly
abstract categories
universality - Answers -language exists in all human societies
within a group, everyone of normal intelligence develops lang
languages have same complexity everywhere
supports innatenes bc: how else would we explain this?
poverty of the stimulus argument - Answers -language must be innate because children
are given little explicit language knowledge, but have a complex output
universal grammar hypothesis - Answers -all languages have an innate grammar
template that allows for locally specified variation
chomskian view that says it is the initial state of human mind that allows it to acquire
and grow lang
jukebox analogy (universal grammar) - Answers -Jukeboxes have a large amount of
different music to play, they allow for locally specified variation. The music they play is
not learned from the environment, its menu has prespecified options and the local
environments (eg the person choosing the song) triggers the option. Like universal
grammar
Nicaraguan sign language - Answers -This shows that language is not taught, and not
learned by imitation or analogy
youngest signers were most likely to use combinatoric patterns
functional level of language - Answers -mapping sounds to meanings
algorithmic level of language - Answers -phrase structure trees
physical level of language - Answers -primary auditory cortex, Wernicke's area, Broca's
area, primary motor cortex (M1)
Wernicke's area - Answers -temporal lobe, semantic region
primary auditory cortex - Answers -temporal lobe
Broca's area - Answers -frontal lobe, syntactic region
motor cortex - Answers -frontal lobe
