World History
Fall of Roman Empire, Islamic Empires, Age of Exploration, East Asian Empires,
Revolution, Enlightenment
The Fall of the Roman Empire
Middle-Ages: “Dark Ages”
● Early, Middle, Late
● Vikings - barbaric tribes
○ Feudalism- lord: gives protection
■ Vassal provides military aid, counsel, economic aids
● Roman Catholic Church: more power to benefit
○ Clergy- secular/regular
○ Preservations of classical texts
○ Monasteries provides knowledge
○ Indulgences
● Crusades- recapture Jerusalem from Muslims
○ Peaceful, at first
● Black Death- pests from Central Asia
○ From bubonic rats
○ No immunity from it yet.
○ Believed that faith will salvage ⅓ of the population
Renaissance: revival of learning- rebirth of Greco-Roman art
● individuality/humanism- ideals
● Flourished literature, music
Reformation
● Martin Luther- heretic- radicality
○ Faith! Not works
○ Religious truth and authority can only be found in the BIble
○ Church must be a community of believers.
○ All jobs are important
○ Worship service should be in the language of the people for them to understand.
○ There are only two sacraments: baptism and marriage
○ Disintegration of church
● Protestantism- causes
○ income/money> souls= misconduct/vices
○ Lost sight of spiritual mission
○ Popes were too political
○ new emphasis of personal faith
,Counter-Reformation
● Salvage Catholic Institution
● Council of Trent: church reviews
○ Indulgences were forbidden
○ Good works + faith
○ 7 sacraments
○ Religious authority is found in the Bible, the Church traditions, and the writings
of the Church leaders
○ Latin Bible is to be used
○ People cannot interpret the message of the Bible without the guidance of the
Church
● War of religions
○ Crusades
○ Religious absolutism: stage to science and reason
Muslim World Expands
● The Ottomans established a Muslim empire that combined many cultures and lasted for
more than 600y
● The Safavids produced a diverse culture in Persia
● The Mughals unified Turks, Persians and Indians in a vast empire
● Udur: language mixed with Persian, Arabian, and Hindu
Ottomans: Western: sunni
● Largest empire
● Religious tolerant
● Ghazis - warriors of Islam; emir- chief
○ Janissaries: elite force
● Osman: most successful ghazi
● Uses gunpowder- advanced technology
○ First people to use cannons
● Orkhan I- the capture of Adrianople
● Timur the Lame- intrusion in expansion
○ Samarkand, where he came from
● Mehmed II- the capture of Constantinople
○ The Conqueror
○ Changes to Istanbul
● Suleyman- the Lawgiver- peak size of the empire
○ The magnificent
○ Law codes, reduced bureaucracy, the devshirme system
■ Devshirme system: in which the sultan’s army drafted Christian territories
and trained them as soldiers
○ Corruption: power-sharing of governors: expanding empire
○ Society- divided into 4 classes: pen and sword
, ■ non-Muslims were organized into different religious communities
○ Mosque of Suleyman
● Decline
○ Political intrigue
○ Weak successors
○ Rise of European trade
○ Did not industrialize
Safavid: Iran; ruled in Persia: shi’ite dynasty
● Tolerant
● Shi’a muslim
● Persians+ Ottomans + Arabs
● Safi-Al-Din
○ Founder of Safavids, religious brotherhood
● Ismail conquered Persia
○ shah= King
○ Conquering of Iran
○ Religious tyrant
● Tahmasp conquered only up to Caucasus mountains
● Shah Abbas: Golden Age
○ Reforms
○ Christian Orders
○ Esfahan, the capital
○ Carpet industry
● Battle of Chaldiran: battle against Ottomans
● Decline: same as Ottomans
Mughals: India
● Sikhs: nonviolent religious group
○ Punjab will form a group here.
● Babur: founder
○ Descendant of Timur the Lame and Genghis Khan
○ Delhi sultanate: Muslim ruler
● Humayun, son of Babur: lost most of his land, incompetent
● Nadir Shah Afshar
○ Conquered all the way to India in 1736.
● Akbar, grandson of Babur: the “Great”
○ Religious tolerant
○ Liberal ruler
○ rajputs= officer to diffuse enmity; warriors of Hindu
● Jahangir & Nur Jahan
○ Grasper of the world
○ Political affairs were left with his wife
Fall of Roman Empire, Islamic Empires, Age of Exploration, East Asian Empires,
Revolution, Enlightenment
The Fall of the Roman Empire
Middle-Ages: “Dark Ages”
● Early, Middle, Late
● Vikings - barbaric tribes
○ Feudalism- lord: gives protection
■ Vassal provides military aid, counsel, economic aids
● Roman Catholic Church: more power to benefit
○ Clergy- secular/regular
○ Preservations of classical texts
○ Monasteries provides knowledge
○ Indulgences
● Crusades- recapture Jerusalem from Muslims
○ Peaceful, at first
● Black Death- pests from Central Asia
○ From bubonic rats
○ No immunity from it yet.
○ Believed that faith will salvage ⅓ of the population
Renaissance: revival of learning- rebirth of Greco-Roman art
● individuality/humanism- ideals
● Flourished literature, music
Reformation
● Martin Luther- heretic- radicality
○ Faith! Not works
○ Religious truth and authority can only be found in the BIble
○ Church must be a community of believers.
○ All jobs are important
○ Worship service should be in the language of the people for them to understand.
○ There are only two sacraments: baptism and marriage
○ Disintegration of church
● Protestantism- causes
○ income/money> souls= misconduct/vices
○ Lost sight of spiritual mission
○ Popes were too political
○ new emphasis of personal faith
,Counter-Reformation
● Salvage Catholic Institution
● Council of Trent: church reviews
○ Indulgences were forbidden
○ Good works + faith
○ 7 sacraments
○ Religious authority is found in the Bible, the Church traditions, and the writings
of the Church leaders
○ Latin Bible is to be used
○ People cannot interpret the message of the Bible without the guidance of the
Church
● War of religions
○ Crusades
○ Religious absolutism: stage to science and reason
Muslim World Expands
● The Ottomans established a Muslim empire that combined many cultures and lasted for
more than 600y
● The Safavids produced a diverse culture in Persia
● The Mughals unified Turks, Persians and Indians in a vast empire
● Udur: language mixed with Persian, Arabian, and Hindu
Ottomans: Western: sunni
● Largest empire
● Religious tolerant
● Ghazis - warriors of Islam; emir- chief
○ Janissaries: elite force
● Osman: most successful ghazi
● Uses gunpowder- advanced technology
○ First people to use cannons
● Orkhan I- the capture of Adrianople
● Timur the Lame- intrusion in expansion
○ Samarkand, where he came from
● Mehmed II- the capture of Constantinople
○ The Conqueror
○ Changes to Istanbul
● Suleyman- the Lawgiver- peak size of the empire
○ The magnificent
○ Law codes, reduced bureaucracy, the devshirme system
■ Devshirme system: in which the sultan’s army drafted Christian territories
and trained them as soldiers
○ Corruption: power-sharing of governors: expanding empire
○ Society- divided into 4 classes: pen and sword
, ■ non-Muslims were organized into different religious communities
○ Mosque of Suleyman
● Decline
○ Political intrigue
○ Weak successors
○ Rise of European trade
○ Did not industrialize
Safavid: Iran; ruled in Persia: shi’ite dynasty
● Tolerant
● Shi’a muslim
● Persians+ Ottomans + Arabs
● Safi-Al-Din
○ Founder of Safavids, religious brotherhood
● Ismail conquered Persia
○ shah= King
○ Conquering of Iran
○ Religious tyrant
● Tahmasp conquered only up to Caucasus mountains
● Shah Abbas: Golden Age
○ Reforms
○ Christian Orders
○ Esfahan, the capital
○ Carpet industry
● Battle of Chaldiran: battle against Ottomans
● Decline: same as Ottomans
Mughals: India
● Sikhs: nonviolent religious group
○ Punjab will form a group here.
● Babur: founder
○ Descendant of Timur the Lame and Genghis Khan
○ Delhi sultanate: Muslim ruler
● Humayun, son of Babur: lost most of his land, incompetent
● Nadir Shah Afshar
○ Conquered all the way to India in 1736.
● Akbar, grandson of Babur: the “Great”
○ Religious tolerant
○ Liberal ruler
○ rajputs= officer to diffuse enmity; warriors of Hindu
● Jahangir & Nur Jahan
○ Grasper of the world
○ Political affairs were left with his wife
