Basic Nutrition and Diet Therapy Exam Questions and Answers (100% Pass)

Basic Nutrition and Diet Therapy Exam Questions and Answers (100% Pass) 1-a-hydroxylase - Answers The enzyme in the kidneys that catalyzes the hydroxylation reaction of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol to calcitriol, which is the active form of vitamin D; 1-⬆️-hydroxylase activity is increased by parathyroid hormone when blood calcium levels are low Absorption - Answers The process by which nutrients are taken into the cells that line the gastrointestinal tract Acetone - Answers A major ketone compound that results from fat breakdown for energy in individuals with uncontrolled diabetes Achalasia - Answers A disorder of the esophagus in which the muscles of the tube fail to relax, thereby inhibiting normal swallowing Acidic or alkaline diets - Answers Diets based on the theory that diets high in acidic foods will disrupt the body's normal pH balance, which is slightly alkaline Acidosis - Answers A blood pH of less than 7.35; respiratory acidosis is caused by an accumulation of carbon dioxide (an acid); metabolic acidosis may be caused by a variety of conditions that result in the excess accumulation of acids in the body or by a significant loss of bicarbonate (a base) Adipocytes - Answers Fat cells Adipose tissue - Answers The storage site for excess fat Adipose - Answers Fat stored in the cells of adipose (fatty) tissue Aerobic capacity - Answers A state in which oxygen is required to proceed; milliliters of oxygen consumed per kilogram of body weight per minute as influenced by body composition Aldosterone - Answers A hormone of the adrenal glands that acts on the distal nephron tubule to stimulate the reabsorption of sodium in an ion exchange with potassium Aldosteronoma - Answers The excess secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex; symptoms and complications include sodium retention, potassium wasting, alkalosis, weakness, paralysis, polyuria, polydipsia, hypertension, and cardiac arrhythmias Alkalosis - Answers A blood pH of more than 7.45; respiratory alkalosis is caused by hyperventilation and an excess loss of carbon dioxide; metabolic alkalosis is seen with extensive vomiting in which a significant amount of hydrochloric acid is lost and bicarbonate (a base) is secreted Allergens - Answers Food proteins that elicit an immune system response or an allergic reaction; symptoms may include itching, swelling, hives, diarrhea, and difficulty breathing as well as anaphylaxis in the worst cases Allergy - Answers A state of hypersensitivity to particular substances in the environment that works on the body tissues to produce problems in the functioning of the affected tissues Alpha-linolenic acid - Answers An essentially fatty acid with 18 carbon atoms and three double bonds; found in soybean, canola, and flaxseed oil Amenorrhea - Answers The absence of a menstrual period in a woman of reproductive age Amenorrheic - Answers The absence of abnormal cessation of the menses Amino acids - Answers The nitrogen-bearing compounds that form the structural units of protein Aminopeptidase - Answers A specific protein-splitting enzyme secreted by glands in the walls of the small intestine that breaks off the nitrogen-containing amino end of the peptide chain, thereby producing smaller-chained peptides and free amino acids Anabolism - Answers The metabolic process of building large substances from smaller parts Anaerobic - Answers A microorganism that can live and grow in an oxygen-free environment Anaphylaxis - Answers A severe and sometimes fatal allergic reaction that results from exposure to a protein that the body perceives as foreign and that elicits a systemic response that involved multiple organs Anemia - Answers A blood condition that is characterized by a deceased number of circulating red blood cells, decreased hemoglobin, or both Anencephaly - Answers A neural tube defect in which the brain does not form Anencephaly - Answers The congenital absence of the brain that results from the incomplete closure of the upper end of the neural tube Angina pectoris - Answers A spasmodic, choking chest pain caused by a lack of oxygen to the heart; this is a symptom of a heart attack, and it also may be caused be severe effort or excitement Anorexia nervous - Answers An extreme psychophysiologic aversion to food that results in life-threatening weight loss; a psychiatric eating disorder that results from a morbid fear of fatness in which a persons distorted body image is reflected as fat when the body is malnourished and extremely thin a s a result of self-starvation Anthropometric measurements - Answers The physical measurements of the human body that are used for health assessment, including height, weight, skin fold thickness, and circumference Antibody - Answers Any of numerous protein molecules produced by B cells as a primary immune defense for attaching to specific related antigens Antidiuretic hormone - Answers A hormone of the pituitary gland that acts on the distal nephron tubule to conserve water by reabsorption; also called vasopressin Antigen - Answers Any foreign or non-self substance that trigger the production of antibodies that are specifically designed to counteract their activity Antioxidant - Answers A molecule that prevents the oxidation of cellular structures by free radicals Anuria - Answers The absence of urine production; Anuria indicates kidney shutdown or failure Appetite-regulating network - Answers A hormonally controlled system of appetite stimulation and suppression Arteriole - Answers The smallest branch of an artery that connects with the capillaries Ascites - Answers The accumulation of serous fluid in the abdominal cavity Ascites - Answers Fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity Ascorbic acid - Answers The chemical name for vitamin C Atherosclerosis - Answers The underlying pathology of coronary heart disease; a common form of arteriosclerosis that is characterized by the formation of fatty streaks that contain cholesterol and that develop into hardened plaques in the inner lining of major blood vessels such as the coronary arteries Atonic - Answers Without normal muscle tone Atopy patch test - Answers A diagnostic test that is used to assess for allergic reactions on the skin Atrophy - Answers Tissue wasting Auscultation - Answers Listening to the sounds of the gastrointestinal tract with a stethoscope Azotemia - Answers An excess of urea and other nitrogenous substances in the blood Baby bottle tooth decay - Answers The decay of the baby teeth as a result of inappropriate feeding practices such as putting an infant to bed with a bottle; also called nursing bottle caries, bottle mouth, and bottle caries Basal energy expenditure - Answers The amount of energy needed by the body for the maintenance of life when a person is at complete digestive, physical, mental, thermal, and emotional rest Beriberi - Answers A disease of the peripheral nerves that is caused by a defiance of thiamin and is characterized by pain and paralysis of legs and arms Bile - Answers An emulsifying agent produced by the liver and transported to the gallbladder for concentration and storage; it is released into the duodenum with the entry of fat to facilitate enzymatic fat digestion by acting as an emulsifier Binge-eating disorder - Answers A psychiatric eating disorder that is characterized by the occurrence of binge eating episodes at least twice a week for a 6-month period Blood urea nitrogen - Answers A test of nephron function that measures the ability to filter urea nitrogen, which is a product of protein metabolism, from the blood Body composition - Answers The relative sizes of the four body compartments that make up the total body: lean body mass, fat, water, and bone Body dysmorphic disorder - Answers An obsession with a perceived defect of the body Body mass index (BMI) - Answers The body weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters Body mass index - Answers The body weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters; this measurement correlates with body fatness and the health risks associated with obesity Bolus feeding - Answers A volume of feeding from 250 mL to 500 mL over s short period of time (usually 10 to 15 minutes) that is given via several feedings per day Bowman's capsule - Answers The membrane at the head of each nephron; this capsule was named for the English physician Sir William Bowman, who is 1843 first established to the basis of plasma filtration and consequent urine secretion in the relationship of the blood-filled glomeruli and the filtration across the enveloping membrane Branched-chain amino acids - Answers Amino acids with branched side chains; three of the essential amino acids are branched-chain amino acids: leucine, isoleucine, and valine Brush border - Answers The cells that are located on the microvilli within the lining of the intestinal tract; the microvilli are tiny hair-like projections that protrude from the mucosal cells that help to increase surface area for the digestion and absorption of nutrients Bulimia nervosa - Answers A psychiatric eating disorder related to a person's fear of fatness in which cycles of gorging on large quantities of food are followed by compensatory mechanisms to maintain a "normal" body weight Cachexia - Answers A specific profound syndrome that is characterized by weight loss, reduced food intake, and systemic inflammation Cajun - Answers A group of people with an enduring tradition whose French-Catholic ancestors established permanent communities in the southern Louisiana coastal waterways after being