CSB520 EXAM STUDY SET
Give some examples of cell types that are considered epithelial, connective, and others
- Answer epithelial - Simple - single layer • Stratified - multiple layers • Glandular
epithelium = secretory epithelium o Stratified squamous epithelium is best at
withstanding physical stress
Connective - Myocytes (muscle cells) • Skeletal muscle fibres o Permanent cells but
tissue able to repair • Cardiac myocytes o Permanent cells • Smooth muscle cells o
Stable cells Fibroblasts, collagen and adipocytes - stable cells Endothelium, cartilage
and bone (osteoblasts, osteocytes) - stable cells
Other - Other cells (not considered epithelial or connective) • Mesothelial cells or
mesothelium • Melanocytes • Germ cells • Lymphoid tissue • Bone marrow and
haemopoietic cells, red blood cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes and macrophages • CNS
What is meant by labile, stable and permanent cells, give some examples - Answer
Labile - constantly divide e.g. skin, GIT Stable - can divide e.g. liver, kidney Permanent -
can't divide e.g. cardiac myocytes, neurons in CNS
Define types of cellular adaptation and understand when these processes are not
possible/reversible - Answer
Describe the main differences between apoptosis and necrosis - Answer Apoptosis -
physiological or pathological - active - can involve a single cell - no inflammatory
response Necrosis - pathological only - passive - kills neighbouring cells, infarct - cause
inflammatory response
What is an infarct and how does it occur? - Answer An infarct is an area of necrosis - it
occurs due to sudden, severe stress
What determines whether a stimulus causes atrophy or infarction? - Answer How
suddenly and severely the stress is applied. Slow, partial introduction of stress may
allow the cell to slowly adapt (autophagy and apoptosis). Sudden application of severe
stress causes necrosis and infarct.
What effect does ageing have on cells and organs? - Answer With increasing age, cells
gradually lose the ability for autophagy. More apoptosis occurs rather than autophagy.
All functional tissue atrophies with age.
Define neoplasia, tumour, malignancy, dysplasia, -in situ and metastasis/metastasize -
Answer Neoplasia: The presence or formation of new, abnormal growth of tissue
Tumour: A swelling of a part of the body, caused by an abnormal growth of tissue
whether benign or malignant (generally without inflammation) Malignancy: Potentially
fatal, cancer cells can invade nearby tissues Dysplasia: The presence of cells that are
genetically and phenotypically abnormal -in situ (cancer): A group of abnormal cells that
remain in the place where they first formed (they have not spread). A carcinoma in situ
, is a malignant epithelial tumour that has yet to penetrate the basement membrane
Metastasis/metastasize: The development of secondary malignant growths at a distance
from the primary site of cancer
Explain the basic risk factors for the development of mutation and tumour genesis -
Answer Mutagens • May act directly to cause damage or may do so through increasing
oxidant production or reducing antioxidant defences • Exposure to carcinogens -
asbestos, vinyl chloride, cadmium, chromium and nickel compounds • UV, alcohol,
smoking, obesity, genetics, viruses, some chronic inflammatory conditions Stressors
(such as smoking and gastric acid) that cause metaplasia and hyperplasia in cells
increase risk for development of mutation and tumour genesis. Increased cellular
proliferation means more likely for mutations and for mutations to be passed onto
daughter cells, which can become dysplastic. Two cellular adaptations that increase
risk of tumour development - metaplasia and hyperplasia
Understand the 8 behavioural changes that occur in cancer cells as a result of multiple
mutations - Answer Self-sufficiency in growth signals - proliferation without external
stimulus 2 Insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals 3 Evasion of apoptosis 4 Defect in
DNA repair 5 Limitless replicative potential 6 Sustained angiogenesis 7 Ability to invade
and metastasise 8 The Warburg Effect - prefers aerobic glycolysis
List the 3 main routes of metastasis and common sites affected - Answer Via blood -
haematogenous 2. Via lymph or lymphatic spread (vessels and nodes) 3. Via direct
seeding e.g. floating in fluid in the pleural or peritoneal fluid
Define hyperaemia, oedema (exudate vs transudate), effusion, resolution, organisation,
ulcer & abscess - Answer Hyperaemia - An excess of blood in the vessels supplying
tissue or other parts of the body (increased blood flow) Exudate - inflammatory
extravascular fluid with HIGH protein concentration Transudate - extravascular fluid
with LOW protein concentration Effusion - Excess fluid in interstitial fluid/body cavities
Resolution - Healing without scarring Organisation - Healing by scarring Ulcer - A lesion
or 'sore' on a body surface like the skin or mucous membranes Abscess - A swollen area
within body tissue, containing an accumulation of pus
What form of cell death causes an inflammatory response? - Answer Necrosis - the
leaking of cellular constituents kills surrounding cells and stimulates the acute
inflammatory response.
What are the 3 features of acute inflammation? - Answer Hyperaemia 2. Oedema
(exudate) 3. Recruitment of neutrophils
What are the 3 possible outcomes of acute inflammation? - Answer 1. Resolution -
healing without scarring 2. Organisation - healing by scarring 3. Chronic inflammation
What are the 3 main components of granulation tissue & their role/purpose in repair? -
Answer 1. Macrophages - co-ordinate events and clean up debris 2. Fibroblasts -
secrete collagen protein 3. Angiogenesis - formation of new blood vessels to provide
nutrients and blood gases during repair
Give some examples of cell types that are considered epithelial, connective, and others
- Answer epithelial - Simple - single layer • Stratified - multiple layers • Glandular
epithelium = secretory epithelium o Stratified squamous epithelium is best at
withstanding physical stress
Connective - Myocytes (muscle cells) • Skeletal muscle fibres o Permanent cells but
tissue able to repair • Cardiac myocytes o Permanent cells • Smooth muscle cells o
Stable cells Fibroblasts, collagen and adipocytes - stable cells Endothelium, cartilage
and bone (osteoblasts, osteocytes) - stable cells
Other - Other cells (not considered epithelial or connective) • Mesothelial cells or
mesothelium • Melanocytes • Germ cells • Lymphoid tissue • Bone marrow and
haemopoietic cells, red blood cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes and macrophages • CNS
What is meant by labile, stable and permanent cells, give some examples - Answer
Labile - constantly divide e.g. skin, GIT Stable - can divide e.g. liver, kidney Permanent -
can't divide e.g. cardiac myocytes, neurons in CNS
Define types of cellular adaptation and understand when these processes are not
possible/reversible - Answer
Describe the main differences between apoptosis and necrosis - Answer Apoptosis -
physiological or pathological - active - can involve a single cell - no inflammatory
response Necrosis - pathological only - passive - kills neighbouring cells, infarct - cause
inflammatory response
What is an infarct and how does it occur? - Answer An infarct is an area of necrosis - it
occurs due to sudden, severe stress
What determines whether a stimulus causes atrophy or infarction? - Answer How
suddenly and severely the stress is applied. Slow, partial introduction of stress may
allow the cell to slowly adapt (autophagy and apoptosis). Sudden application of severe
stress causes necrosis and infarct.
What effect does ageing have on cells and organs? - Answer With increasing age, cells
gradually lose the ability for autophagy. More apoptosis occurs rather than autophagy.
All functional tissue atrophies with age.
Define neoplasia, tumour, malignancy, dysplasia, -in situ and metastasis/metastasize -
Answer Neoplasia: The presence or formation of new, abnormal growth of tissue
Tumour: A swelling of a part of the body, caused by an abnormal growth of tissue
whether benign or malignant (generally without inflammation) Malignancy: Potentially
fatal, cancer cells can invade nearby tissues Dysplasia: The presence of cells that are
genetically and phenotypically abnormal -in situ (cancer): A group of abnormal cells that
remain in the place where they first formed (they have not spread). A carcinoma in situ
, is a malignant epithelial tumour that has yet to penetrate the basement membrane
Metastasis/metastasize: The development of secondary malignant growths at a distance
from the primary site of cancer
Explain the basic risk factors for the development of mutation and tumour genesis -
Answer Mutagens • May act directly to cause damage or may do so through increasing
oxidant production or reducing antioxidant defences • Exposure to carcinogens -
asbestos, vinyl chloride, cadmium, chromium and nickel compounds • UV, alcohol,
smoking, obesity, genetics, viruses, some chronic inflammatory conditions Stressors
(such as smoking and gastric acid) that cause metaplasia and hyperplasia in cells
increase risk for development of mutation and tumour genesis. Increased cellular
proliferation means more likely for mutations and for mutations to be passed onto
daughter cells, which can become dysplastic. Two cellular adaptations that increase
risk of tumour development - metaplasia and hyperplasia
Understand the 8 behavioural changes that occur in cancer cells as a result of multiple
mutations - Answer Self-sufficiency in growth signals - proliferation without external
stimulus 2 Insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals 3 Evasion of apoptosis 4 Defect in
DNA repair 5 Limitless replicative potential 6 Sustained angiogenesis 7 Ability to invade
and metastasise 8 The Warburg Effect - prefers aerobic glycolysis
List the 3 main routes of metastasis and common sites affected - Answer Via blood -
haematogenous 2. Via lymph or lymphatic spread (vessels and nodes) 3. Via direct
seeding e.g. floating in fluid in the pleural or peritoneal fluid
Define hyperaemia, oedema (exudate vs transudate), effusion, resolution, organisation,
ulcer & abscess - Answer Hyperaemia - An excess of blood in the vessels supplying
tissue or other parts of the body (increased blood flow) Exudate - inflammatory
extravascular fluid with HIGH protein concentration Transudate - extravascular fluid
with LOW protein concentration Effusion - Excess fluid in interstitial fluid/body cavities
Resolution - Healing without scarring Organisation - Healing by scarring Ulcer - A lesion
or 'sore' on a body surface like the skin or mucous membranes Abscess - A swollen area
within body tissue, containing an accumulation of pus
What form of cell death causes an inflammatory response? - Answer Necrosis - the
leaking of cellular constituents kills surrounding cells and stimulates the acute
inflammatory response.
What are the 3 features of acute inflammation? - Answer Hyperaemia 2. Oedema
(exudate) 3. Recruitment of neutrophils
What are the 3 possible outcomes of acute inflammation? - Answer 1. Resolution -
healing without scarring 2. Organisation - healing by scarring 3. Chronic inflammation
What are the 3 main components of granulation tissue & their role/purpose in repair? -
Answer 1. Macrophages - co-ordinate events and clean up debris 2. Fibroblasts -
secrete collagen protein 3. Angiogenesis - formation of new blood vessels to provide
nutrients and blood gases during repair
