CSB520 TEST WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTION
What is apoptosis? - Answer - Process of programmed cell death that is not reversible
-Active process that requires energy
-Can be pathological or physiological
-Can occur in single cells
What is necrosis? - Answer -Sudden cell death that is not reversible
-Passive process that does not require energy
-Pathological
-Impossible for a single cell to die via necrosis as it also kills neighbouring cells
-Stimulates inflammation
What does the type of cell death depend on? - Answer Depends on the severity and
duration of the stressor and how health the cell was to begin with
What is an infarct? - Answer An area of necrotic tissue that occurs through irreversible
injury usually sudden in nature
What determines whether a stimulus causes atrophy or infarction? - Answer 1.
Cell/Tissue Type
2. Cell history
3. Stimuli
4. Severity and duration
What effect does ageing have on cells and organs - Answer - Autophagy ability declines
with age
-Defective removal of damaged mitochondria results in increased free radical
generation
-Therefore increased stressors often result in apoptosis or necrosis of the cell
What is hyperplasia? - Answer Increase in cell number if tissue is labile or stable
What is hypertrophy? - Answer Increase in cell size
What cellular adaptations lead to an increase in the overall size of an organ? - Answer
,Hyperplasia and Hypertrophy
What form of cell death occurs during normal embryogenesis? - Answer Apoptosis
What is metaplasia? - Answer The change from one normal adult or well differentiated
cell type into another normal adult or well-differentiated cell type
How does necrosis cause inflammation? - Answer During necrosis the cell lyses so the
contents of the cell spill out killing surrounding cells & stimulating an inflammatory
response.
Does metaplasia alter the function(s) of the cells & is metaplasia reversible? - Answer
Yes structure & function are linked so when the structure or cell type changes so does
the cells capabilities. Metaplasia is a reversible adaptation.
What is autophagy? - Answer Cell shrinkage through self-eating
What is atrophy? - Answer decrease in cell size
How does atrophy differ between young and elderly tissues? - Answer In young healthy
tissues that are subjected to stress, cells will often choose to shrink through autophagy
whereas as we age the ability for our cells to undergo autophagy declines meaning that
cells are more likely to undergo apoptosis
What are three types of cells? With examples of each cell type - Answer (1) liable
(dividing) - epithelial cells of skin, GIT, reproductive, urinary and bladder or
haemopoietic stem cells
(2) stable - epithelial cells of lung, liver, kidney and pancreas or smooth muscle cells,
fibroblasts and endothelial cells
(3) permanent (non-dividing) - cardiac myocytes, skeletal myocytes and glial cells of
neurons
What is involution? - Answer The process by which the uterus returns to its pre pregnant
state due to decreased levels of hormones following birth/abortion
What is neoplasia? - Answer New abnormal tissue growth
What is a tumour? - Answer Swelling caused by abnormal tissue growth- doesn't matter
whether it's benign or malignant
What is a malignant tumor? - Answer a mass of cancer cells
What is dysplasia? - Answer An abnormal precancerous change that is not an adaption
What does in situ mean? - Answer Confined above the basement membrane, hasn't
penetrated basal layer yet
What is meant by metastasis? - Answer Some of the cells from the primary tumour have
,travelled to distant sites
What is the basic risk factor for the development of mutation and tumourgenesis? -
Answer Proliferation. A higher incidence of division increases risk of developing cancer
What are the eight behavioural changes that occur in cancer cells ? - Answer (1)
self-sufficiency in growth signals (proliferation without external stimuli)
(2) insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals
(3) evasion of apoptosis
(4) limitless replicative potential
(5) sustained angiogenesis
(6) ability to invade and metastasise
(7) defects in DNA repair
(8) predilection for glycolysis even with/without presence of oxygen (Warburg effect)
What two cellular adaptations increase the risk of tumour development? - Answer
Metaplasia & hyperplasia
What are the 3 ways which cancer can spread? - Answer Through blood, lymph and
direct seeding
What two reasons are carcinomas the most common type of cancer? - Answer Epithelial
cells are stable or labile so either constantly dividing or able to do so when stimulated.
Epithelial cells are on the front-line, between our inner bodies & potentially damaging
stimuli.
What are the differences between benign and malignant tumours? - Answer Benign
- do not metastasise- encapsulated
- homogenous (uniformity of cells)
- one mutation
-well-differentiated
- slower growing
Malignant
- can metastasise- heterogenous (lacks uniformity of cells)
- multiple mutations- well-differentiated or undifferentiated
- faster growing
, What are the two most common sites of metastasis - Answer (1) lungs - due to lymphatic
and venous supply to lungs
(2) liver - due to arterial and venous blood supply to liver
What are the basic risk factors for the development of mutation and tumour genesis? -
Answer (1) direct damage- increased proliferation and production of oxidants
(2) exposure to carcinogens- asbestos- UV, alcohol, smoking, obesity- genetics
(3) virus
(4) chronic condition/disease
Why are osteosarcomas more commonly found in young people? - Answer - bones of
young people are growing (greater risk of osteosarcoma)
- bones stop growing soon after puberty (lesser risk of osteosarcoma)
What is the pathogenesis of lung cancer (or adenocarcinoma in lower oesophagus)? -
Answer (1) normal tissue - stratified squamous epithelial tissue to transfer boluses of
food from oral cavity to stomach
(2) stressor - gastric acid (chronic gastric reflux)(3) metaplasia/ multiple mutations -
columnar glandular epithelial tissue
(4) continued exposure to stressor
(5) dysplasia/ further mutations
(6) malignant tumour - adenocarcinoma of oesophagus
What is the pathogenesis of lung cancer (or squamous cell carcinoma in upper
oesophagus)? - Answer (1) normal tissue - ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelial
tissue to clear mucus and to filter air
(2) stressor - tobacco smoke (smoking)
(3) metaplasia / multiple mutations - stratified squamous epithelial tissue
(4) continued exposure to stressor
(5) dysplasia / further mutations
(6) malignant tumour - squamous cell carcinoma of lung (or lung cancer)
What is hyperaemia? - Answer Active increase in blood flow to an area
What is oedema? - Answer Excess fluid accumulation in interstitial tissue
What is exudate? - Answer Inflammatory extravascular fluid with high protein
concentration caused by inflammation
SOLUTION
What is apoptosis? - Answer - Process of programmed cell death that is not reversible
-Active process that requires energy
-Can be pathological or physiological
-Can occur in single cells
What is necrosis? - Answer -Sudden cell death that is not reversible
-Passive process that does not require energy
-Pathological
-Impossible for a single cell to die via necrosis as it also kills neighbouring cells
-Stimulates inflammation
What does the type of cell death depend on? - Answer Depends on the severity and
duration of the stressor and how health the cell was to begin with
What is an infarct? - Answer An area of necrotic tissue that occurs through irreversible
injury usually sudden in nature
What determines whether a stimulus causes atrophy or infarction? - Answer 1.
Cell/Tissue Type
2. Cell history
3. Stimuli
4. Severity and duration
What effect does ageing have on cells and organs - Answer - Autophagy ability declines
with age
-Defective removal of damaged mitochondria results in increased free radical
generation
-Therefore increased stressors often result in apoptosis or necrosis of the cell
What is hyperplasia? - Answer Increase in cell number if tissue is labile or stable
What is hypertrophy? - Answer Increase in cell size
What cellular adaptations lead to an increase in the overall size of an organ? - Answer
,Hyperplasia and Hypertrophy
What form of cell death occurs during normal embryogenesis? - Answer Apoptosis
What is metaplasia? - Answer The change from one normal adult or well differentiated
cell type into another normal adult or well-differentiated cell type
How does necrosis cause inflammation? - Answer During necrosis the cell lyses so the
contents of the cell spill out killing surrounding cells & stimulating an inflammatory
response.
Does metaplasia alter the function(s) of the cells & is metaplasia reversible? - Answer
Yes structure & function are linked so when the structure or cell type changes so does
the cells capabilities. Metaplasia is a reversible adaptation.
What is autophagy? - Answer Cell shrinkage through self-eating
What is atrophy? - Answer decrease in cell size
How does atrophy differ between young and elderly tissues? - Answer In young healthy
tissues that are subjected to stress, cells will often choose to shrink through autophagy
whereas as we age the ability for our cells to undergo autophagy declines meaning that
cells are more likely to undergo apoptosis
What are three types of cells? With examples of each cell type - Answer (1) liable
(dividing) - epithelial cells of skin, GIT, reproductive, urinary and bladder or
haemopoietic stem cells
(2) stable - epithelial cells of lung, liver, kidney and pancreas or smooth muscle cells,
fibroblasts and endothelial cells
(3) permanent (non-dividing) - cardiac myocytes, skeletal myocytes and glial cells of
neurons
What is involution? - Answer The process by which the uterus returns to its pre pregnant
state due to decreased levels of hormones following birth/abortion
What is neoplasia? - Answer New abnormal tissue growth
What is a tumour? - Answer Swelling caused by abnormal tissue growth- doesn't matter
whether it's benign or malignant
What is a malignant tumor? - Answer a mass of cancer cells
What is dysplasia? - Answer An abnormal precancerous change that is not an adaption
What does in situ mean? - Answer Confined above the basement membrane, hasn't
penetrated basal layer yet
What is meant by metastasis? - Answer Some of the cells from the primary tumour have
,travelled to distant sites
What is the basic risk factor for the development of mutation and tumourgenesis? -
Answer Proliferation. A higher incidence of division increases risk of developing cancer
What are the eight behavioural changes that occur in cancer cells ? - Answer (1)
self-sufficiency in growth signals (proliferation without external stimuli)
(2) insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals
(3) evasion of apoptosis
(4) limitless replicative potential
(5) sustained angiogenesis
(6) ability to invade and metastasise
(7) defects in DNA repair
(8) predilection for glycolysis even with/without presence of oxygen (Warburg effect)
What two cellular adaptations increase the risk of tumour development? - Answer
Metaplasia & hyperplasia
What are the 3 ways which cancer can spread? - Answer Through blood, lymph and
direct seeding
What two reasons are carcinomas the most common type of cancer? - Answer Epithelial
cells are stable or labile so either constantly dividing or able to do so when stimulated.
Epithelial cells are on the front-line, between our inner bodies & potentially damaging
stimuli.
What are the differences between benign and malignant tumours? - Answer Benign
- do not metastasise- encapsulated
- homogenous (uniformity of cells)
- one mutation
-well-differentiated
- slower growing
Malignant
- can metastasise- heterogenous (lacks uniformity of cells)
- multiple mutations- well-differentiated or undifferentiated
- faster growing
, What are the two most common sites of metastasis - Answer (1) lungs - due to lymphatic
and venous supply to lungs
(2) liver - due to arterial and venous blood supply to liver
What are the basic risk factors for the development of mutation and tumour genesis? -
Answer (1) direct damage- increased proliferation and production of oxidants
(2) exposure to carcinogens- asbestos- UV, alcohol, smoking, obesity- genetics
(3) virus
(4) chronic condition/disease
Why are osteosarcomas more commonly found in young people? - Answer - bones of
young people are growing (greater risk of osteosarcoma)
- bones stop growing soon after puberty (lesser risk of osteosarcoma)
What is the pathogenesis of lung cancer (or adenocarcinoma in lower oesophagus)? -
Answer (1) normal tissue - stratified squamous epithelial tissue to transfer boluses of
food from oral cavity to stomach
(2) stressor - gastric acid (chronic gastric reflux)(3) metaplasia/ multiple mutations -
columnar glandular epithelial tissue
(4) continued exposure to stressor
(5) dysplasia/ further mutations
(6) malignant tumour - adenocarcinoma of oesophagus
What is the pathogenesis of lung cancer (or squamous cell carcinoma in upper
oesophagus)? - Answer (1) normal tissue - ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelial
tissue to clear mucus and to filter air
(2) stressor - tobacco smoke (smoking)
(3) metaplasia / multiple mutations - stratified squamous epithelial tissue
(4) continued exposure to stressor
(5) dysplasia / further mutations
(6) malignant tumour - squamous cell carcinoma of lung (or lung cancer)
What is hyperaemia? - Answer Active increase in blood flow to an area
What is oedema? - Answer Excess fluid accumulation in interstitial tissue
What is exudate? - Answer Inflammatory extravascular fluid with high protein
concentration caused by inflammation
