ANW8020 Study Guide questions with answers
Vulvar cancer risk factors - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔*Human papillomavirus (HPV) -
primarily types 16, 18, 31
*Cigarette smoking
*Multiple lifetime sexual partners
*Previous STI history or exposure
*Previous vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN)
*Lichen sclerosus
*Paget's disease
*Malignant melanoma
*Bartholin's cyst
*Primarily postmenopausal (>60% cases in women >60 years old)
Medical therapies of uterine fibroids - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔■(does not make fibroids go
away, but rather aids symptom control):
●Progestogens - oral or IUD - targets heavy bleeding; IUD may improve dysmenorrhea; IUD
contraindicated with submucosal fibroid(s)
●GnRH agonists (Lupron, Synarel, Zoladex) - targets shrinking of fibroid; may control heavy
bleeding; only approved for 3 months; effect is only temporary; used prior to surgery or fertility
treatment
●Selective estrogen reuptake modulators (SERMs) - off label use; targets shrinking fibroid volume;
may increase cancer risk
●Selective progesterone reuptake modulators (SPRMs) - off label use; targets shrinking fibroid
volume; may increase cancer risk
●Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs) - off label use; targets shrinking fibroid volume
●Combined oral contraceptives (COC) - targets dysmenorrhea; may improve periodic bleeding
control
●NSAIDs - targets dysmenorrhea; may improve periodic bleeding control
,Vulvar Cancer prevention - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔*HPV vaccination (Gardasil)
*Limiting the number of sexual partners
*Use of barrier protection (e.g. condoms)
*Smoking cessation
*Treat vulvar dermatologic disorders (e.g. lichen sclerosus)
*Routine gynecologic exams
*Vulvar self-exam
Vulvar cancer signs and symptoms - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔*Often asymptomatic
*Vulvar lump/mass - may or may not be painful
*Prolonged vulvar pruritus and vulvar bleeding
*Discharge
*Dysuria
*Raised lesion - warty, ulcerated, or fleshy; varies in color from white to gray, red to brown, or black.
*Single or multiple lesions may be present
*Groin lymphadenopathy may be present
Vulvar cancer Diagnostic Evaluation - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔*Visual inspection of vulva for
lesions
*Lesion biopsy
*Colposcopy may assist in defining extent of disease and assess associative disease of the vagina and
cervix
*CT, MRI, or PET scan of pelvis to detect lymphadenopathy, erosion, and staging of the cancer
vaginal cancer risk factors - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔-Human papillomavirus (HPV)
-Age 50 and 70 y.o
-multiple lifetime sexual partners
-early age at first intercourse
-current smoker
, -Cervical cancer
-Previous radiation therapy
-Diethylstilbestrol (DES)
Vaginal Cancer Screening - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Cervical cytology (or vaginal cytology if
the cervix has been removed) annually.
Vaginal colposcopy and biopsy are indicated if abnormalities are noted on physical examination.
Vaginal Cancer prevention - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔-Gardasil to prevent cervical cancer and
vaginal precancer and cancer.
-Regular gynecologic examinations
-Quit smoking
Vaginal Cancer signs and symptoms - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Vaginal bleeding is the most
common clinical presentation of vaginal cancer.
-Many women are asymptomatic.
-Abnormal vaginal discharge
-Difficulty or pain when urinating
-Pain during sexual intercourse
-Abnormal bowel function
Vaginal Cancer Diagnostic Evaluation - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔- pelvic examination
-vaginal cytology
- vaginal biopsy
*Definitive diagnosis is accomplished by biopsy
Endometrial Cancer - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔malignant tumor of the endometrium (also
called uterine cancer)
Vulvar cancer risk factors - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔*Human papillomavirus (HPV) -
primarily types 16, 18, 31
*Cigarette smoking
*Multiple lifetime sexual partners
*Previous STI history or exposure
*Previous vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN)
*Lichen sclerosus
*Paget's disease
*Malignant melanoma
*Bartholin's cyst
*Primarily postmenopausal (>60% cases in women >60 years old)
Medical therapies of uterine fibroids - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔■(does not make fibroids go
away, but rather aids symptom control):
●Progestogens - oral or IUD - targets heavy bleeding; IUD may improve dysmenorrhea; IUD
contraindicated with submucosal fibroid(s)
●GnRH agonists (Lupron, Synarel, Zoladex) - targets shrinking of fibroid; may control heavy
bleeding; only approved for 3 months; effect is only temporary; used prior to surgery or fertility
treatment
●Selective estrogen reuptake modulators (SERMs) - off label use; targets shrinking fibroid volume;
may increase cancer risk
●Selective progesterone reuptake modulators (SPRMs) - off label use; targets shrinking fibroid
volume; may increase cancer risk
●Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs) - off label use; targets shrinking fibroid volume
●Combined oral contraceptives (COC) - targets dysmenorrhea; may improve periodic bleeding
control
●NSAIDs - targets dysmenorrhea; may improve periodic bleeding control
,Vulvar Cancer prevention - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔*HPV vaccination (Gardasil)
*Limiting the number of sexual partners
*Use of barrier protection (e.g. condoms)
*Smoking cessation
*Treat vulvar dermatologic disorders (e.g. lichen sclerosus)
*Routine gynecologic exams
*Vulvar self-exam
Vulvar cancer signs and symptoms - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔*Often asymptomatic
*Vulvar lump/mass - may or may not be painful
*Prolonged vulvar pruritus and vulvar bleeding
*Discharge
*Dysuria
*Raised lesion - warty, ulcerated, or fleshy; varies in color from white to gray, red to brown, or black.
*Single or multiple lesions may be present
*Groin lymphadenopathy may be present
Vulvar cancer Diagnostic Evaluation - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔*Visual inspection of vulva for
lesions
*Lesion biopsy
*Colposcopy may assist in defining extent of disease and assess associative disease of the vagina and
cervix
*CT, MRI, or PET scan of pelvis to detect lymphadenopathy, erosion, and staging of the cancer
vaginal cancer risk factors - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔-Human papillomavirus (HPV)
-Age 50 and 70 y.o
-multiple lifetime sexual partners
-early age at first intercourse
-current smoker
, -Cervical cancer
-Previous radiation therapy
-Diethylstilbestrol (DES)
Vaginal Cancer Screening - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Cervical cytology (or vaginal cytology if
the cervix has been removed) annually.
Vaginal colposcopy and biopsy are indicated if abnormalities are noted on physical examination.
Vaginal Cancer prevention - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔-Gardasil to prevent cervical cancer and
vaginal precancer and cancer.
-Regular gynecologic examinations
-Quit smoking
Vaginal Cancer signs and symptoms - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Vaginal bleeding is the most
common clinical presentation of vaginal cancer.
-Many women are asymptomatic.
-Abnormal vaginal discharge
-Difficulty or pain when urinating
-Pain during sexual intercourse
-Abnormal bowel function
Vaginal Cancer Diagnostic Evaluation - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔- pelvic examination
-vaginal cytology
- vaginal biopsy
*Definitive diagnosis is accomplished by biopsy
Endometrial Cancer - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔malignant tumor of the endometrium (also
called uterine cancer)
