NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology exam with correct
answers
Ovarian cancer site of metastasis? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Peritoneal surfaces, omentum
(fold of peritoneum connecting the stomach with other abdominal organs), *liver*
The increased NADH/NAD+ ratio in the liver from ethanol causes: - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS
**✔✔1. Pyruvate --> lactic acid, causing lactic acidosis
2. Oxaloacetate --> malate. This prevents gluconeogenesis and leads to hypoglycemia
3. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate --> glycerol 3- phosphate and combines with fatty acids to form
triglycerides in the liver, known as hepatosteatosis
4. Decreases citric acid cycle production of NADH and leads to using Acetyl-CoA for ketogenesis and
lipogenesis
What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Heart disease,
Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV disease, HTN, HLD, DM, ischemic
heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid perioxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA, less *protein
synthesis*, chromatin destruction, damage mitochondria
What is the body's defense against ROS? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Antioxidants (Vitamin E,
Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin)
How are free radicals produced? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔1. Normal cellular respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
action potential - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the
neuron --> the neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
,Threshold potential - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Point at which depolarization must reach in
order to initiate an action potential
Hypokalemia and action potentials - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔HYPERpolarized (more
negative, ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular excitability: weakness, smooth muscle
atony, paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias
Hyperkalemia and action potentials - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔HYPOpolarized (more positive,
ex: closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac standstill, paresthesia,
paralysis
Hypocalcemia and action potentials - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Increased permeability to Na+.
More excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia, seizures, dysrhythmias.
Hypercalcemia and action potentials - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Decreased permeability to
Na+. Less excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion, encephalopathy, depressed
T waves
Atrophy - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure, use,
blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation. Once the cell has decreased
in size, it has now compensated for decreased blood supply, nerve supply, nutrient supply, hormonal
supply, and has achieved new homeostasis. Cells are alive but have diminished function and may
lead to cellular death.
Atrophy examples - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the thymus
gland during childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
Hypertrophy - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to increase in
size of organ. Caused by hormonal stimulation or increased functional demand.
, Hypertrophy examples - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔physiologic hypertrophy- skeletal
hypertrophy when a person does heavy work or weight lifting / when a kidney is surgically removed,
the other kidney increases in size
pathologic hypertrophy- cardiomegaly results from an increased workload in hypertensive patients /
*left ventricular hypertrophy*
Hyperplasia - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Increase in NUMBER of cells. Results from increased
rate of mitosis. Can ONLY happen in cells that are capable of mitosis (cell division).
Hyperplasia examples - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔1. Thickening of skin because of hyperplasia
of epidermal cells.
2. Hormonal hyperplasia- occurs in estrogen dependent organs like uterus and breast.
3. Compensatory hyperplasia- liver regenerates, callus on skin
4. Pathologic hyperplasia- estrogen is unopposed by progesterone and the endometrial lining
undergoes hyperplasia and increased risk for endometrial cancer
Dysplasia - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of
mature cells due to persistent, severe cell injury or irritation
Dysplasia examples - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Pre cancer pap smears often show dysplastic
cells of the cervix that must undergo treatment.
Metaplasia - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Changed cell that is REVERSIBLE (one cell is replaced
by another cell). Exposure to chronic stressors, injury or irritation, like smoking or hydrochloric acid
from heart burn
Metaplasia examples - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Most common is change from columnar cells
to squamous cells (chronic smokers).
Less common is change from squamous to columnar cells, like in Barrett Esophagus caused by heart
burn.
Carcinoma in situ - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Pre-invasive epithelial malignant tumors of
glandular or squamous origin. Sites including cervix, skin, oral cavity, esophagus, and bronchus
answers
Ovarian cancer site of metastasis? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Peritoneal surfaces, omentum
(fold of peritoneum connecting the stomach with other abdominal organs), *liver*
The increased NADH/NAD+ ratio in the liver from ethanol causes: - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS
**✔✔1. Pyruvate --> lactic acid, causing lactic acidosis
2. Oxaloacetate --> malate. This prevents gluconeogenesis and leads to hypoglycemia
3. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate --> glycerol 3- phosphate and combines with fatty acids to form
triglycerides in the liver, known as hepatosteatosis
4. Decreases citric acid cycle production of NADH and leads to using Acetyl-CoA for ketogenesis and
lipogenesis
What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Heart disease,
Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV disease, HTN, HLD, DM, ischemic
heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid perioxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA, less *protein
synthesis*, chromatin destruction, damage mitochondria
What is the body's defense against ROS? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Antioxidants (Vitamin E,
Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin)
How are free radicals produced? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔1. Normal cellular respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
action potential - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the
neuron --> the neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
,Threshold potential - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Point at which depolarization must reach in
order to initiate an action potential
Hypokalemia and action potentials - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔HYPERpolarized (more
negative, ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular excitability: weakness, smooth muscle
atony, paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias
Hyperkalemia and action potentials - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔HYPOpolarized (more positive,
ex: closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac standstill, paresthesia,
paralysis
Hypocalcemia and action potentials - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Increased permeability to Na+.
More excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia, seizures, dysrhythmias.
Hypercalcemia and action potentials - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Decreased permeability to
Na+. Less excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion, encephalopathy, depressed
T waves
Atrophy - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure, use,
blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation. Once the cell has decreased
in size, it has now compensated for decreased blood supply, nerve supply, nutrient supply, hormonal
supply, and has achieved new homeostasis. Cells are alive but have diminished function and may
lead to cellular death.
Atrophy examples - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the thymus
gland during childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
Hypertrophy - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to increase in
size of organ. Caused by hormonal stimulation or increased functional demand.
, Hypertrophy examples - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔physiologic hypertrophy- skeletal
hypertrophy when a person does heavy work or weight lifting / when a kidney is surgically removed,
the other kidney increases in size
pathologic hypertrophy- cardiomegaly results from an increased workload in hypertensive patients /
*left ventricular hypertrophy*
Hyperplasia - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Increase in NUMBER of cells. Results from increased
rate of mitosis. Can ONLY happen in cells that are capable of mitosis (cell division).
Hyperplasia examples - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔1. Thickening of skin because of hyperplasia
of epidermal cells.
2. Hormonal hyperplasia- occurs in estrogen dependent organs like uterus and breast.
3. Compensatory hyperplasia- liver regenerates, callus on skin
4. Pathologic hyperplasia- estrogen is unopposed by progesterone and the endometrial lining
undergoes hyperplasia and increased risk for endometrial cancer
Dysplasia - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of
mature cells due to persistent, severe cell injury or irritation
Dysplasia examples - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Pre cancer pap smears often show dysplastic
cells of the cervix that must undergo treatment.
Metaplasia - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Changed cell that is REVERSIBLE (one cell is replaced
by another cell). Exposure to chronic stressors, injury or irritation, like smoking or hydrochloric acid
from heart burn
Metaplasia examples - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Most common is change from columnar cells
to squamous cells (chronic smokers).
Less common is change from squamous to columnar cells, like in Barrett Esophagus caused by heart
burn.
Carcinoma in situ - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔Pre-invasive epithelial malignant tumors of
glandular or squamous origin. Sites including cervix, skin, oral cavity, esophagus, and bronchus
