Obstructive defects (HCAL 2 EXAM 1)
Congenital heart disease (CHD - Answer-primarily anatomic abnormalities present at birth that result in
abnormal cardiac function
Risk factors for CHD - Answer-(DAFIS)-Diabetes (mom)-Alcohol use (mom)-Family hx CHD-Infection
(mom)-Syndromes (i.e., Downs)
In general, how do obstructive defects happen? - Answer-they impede blood flow out of the ventricles;
left side= HF
right side= cyanosis
What are the 4 defects that cause obstruction? - Answer--Pulmonary stenosis
-Aortic stenosis
-Coarctation of the Aorta
-Valve stenosis (falls under aortic stenosis)
Pulmonary stenosis - Answer-narrowing of the pulmonary valve/artery that results in obstruction of
blood flow from the ventricles
, How does pulmonary resistance occur? - Answer-the right ventricle increases in size (hypertrophies) to
overcome resistance from obstruction of the pulmonary artery; when this happens pressure in the atria
increases, which may result in the foramen ovale opening
What happens if the foramen ovale reopens in pulmonary stenosis? - Answer-the deoxygenated blood
is shunted right to left, which would cause systemic cyanosis
What if there is a ductus arteriosus defect? - Answer-the blood will be shunted from the aorta to the
pulmonary artery & lungs; this would provide some compensation
Pulmonary stenosis manifestations - Answer--Systolic ejection murmur-Asymptomatic-Cyanosis-
Cardiomegaly-HF (fluid volume overload, increased BP/R/P, edema, weight gain, decreased urine
output, weak pulses, anorexia, sweating, pale/cool limbs)
Pulmonary stenosis non-surgical procedure - Answer--Balloon angioplasty (transcatheter treatment) w/
cardiac catheterization (TREATMENT OF CHOICE)
What happens during balloon angioplasty? - Answer-catheter is inserted across the stenotic pulmonic
valve into the pulmonary artery, and a balloon at the end of the catheter is inflated and rapidly passed
through the narrowed opening
Pulmonary stenosis surgical procedure - Answer--(Infants) brock procedure-(kids) pulmonary valvotomy
(w/ cardiac bypass)
Aortic stenosis - Answer-narrowing of the aortic valve causing the left ventricle to resist blood flow &
hypertrophy, which decreases cardiac output & congests the pulmonary vasculature
Valvular aortic stenosis (most common type of AS) - Answer-caused by malformed cusps that result in a
bicuspid rather than tricuspid valve or fusion of the cusps
Congenital heart disease (CHD - Answer-primarily anatomic abnormalities present at birth that result in
abnormal cardiac function
Risk factors for CHD - Answer-(DAFIS)-Diabetes (mom)-Alcohol use (mom)-Family hx CHD-Infection
(mom)-Syndromes (i.e., Downs)
In general, how do obstructive defects happen? - Answer-they impede blood flow out of the ventricles;
left side= HF
right side= cyanosis
What are the 4 defects that cause obstruction? - Answer--Pulmonary stenosis
-Aortic stenosis
-Coarctation of the Aorta
-Valve stenosis (falls under aortic stenosis)
Pulmonary stenosis - Answer-narrowing of the pulmonary valve/artery that results in obstruction of
blood flow from the ventricles
, How does pulmonary resistance occur? - Answer-the right ventricle increases in size (hypertrophies) to
overcome resistance from obstruction of the pulmonary artery; when this happens pressure in the atria
increases, which may result in the foramen ovale opening
What happens if the foramen ovale reopens in pulmonary stenosis? - Answer-the deoxygenated blood
is shunted right to left, which would cause systemic cyanosis
What if there is a ductus arteriosus defect? - Answer-the blood will be shunted from the aorta to the
pulmonary artery & lungs; this would provide some compensation
Pulmonary stenosis manifestations - Answer--Systolic ejection murmur-Asymptomatic-Cyanosis-
Cardiomegaly-HF (fluid volume overload, increased BP/R/P, edema, weight gain, decreased urine
output, weak pulses, anorexia, sweating, pale/cool limbs)
Pulmonary stenosis non-surgical procedure - Answer--Balloon angioplasty (transcatheter treatment) w/
cardiac catheterization (TREATMENT OF CHOICE)
What happens during balloon angioplasty? - Answer-catheter is inserted across the stenotic pulmonic
valve into the pulmonary artery, and a balloon at the end of the catheter is inflated and rapidly passed
through the narrowed opening
Pulmonary stenosis surgical procedure - Answer--(Infants) brock procedure-(kids) pulmonary valvotomy
(w/ cardiac bypass)
Aortic stenosis - Answer-narrowing of the aortic valve causing the left ventricle to resist blood flow &
hypertrophy, which decreases cardiac output & congests the pulmonary vasculature
Valvular aortic stenosis (most common type of AS) - Answer-caused by malformed cusps that result in a
bicuspid rather than tricuspid valve or fusion of the cusps
