Bio 253 Exam 3

Functions of blood - Transport it substances Regulation of temperature Gas exchange Regulate ph and other hormones Protects blood loss through clotting Blood components - 45% formed elements 55% plasma erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, plasma What do erythrocytes (RBC) do - Hemoglobin (protein) binds to RBC and carries O2 Leukocytes (wbc) function - Whole cells that protect against infection and foreign invaders. Platelets (thrombocytes) function - Clotting and coagulation Plasma function - Makes up blood volume and carries formed elements . components of plasma - albumin, globulin, fibrinogen ( water, protein other solutions) Albumin (plasma protein) functions - Maintain osmotic pressure Globulins ( antibodies) - Essential for immunity mechanism bind to a foreign object Fibrinogen ( plasma protein) - Role in clotting only when necessary Difference between plasma and serum - Plasma has clotting factors . Liquid minus formed elements and contains fibrinogen. Serum is like plasma does not contain fibrinogen but has all electrolytes, antibodies, antigens, hormines. What is found in red bone marrow - Erythrocytes Leukocytes Platelets Characteristics of rbc - Strange disc shake Oxygen binding Carries co2 to lungs Acts as buffers Lifespan 105 to 120 days Contains carbonic anhydase What is carbonic anhydase - Enzyne that combines with co2 form the waste and forms carbonic acid which dissolves easily in blood. Function of rbc in 02 and co2 transport - A. Carries o2 to cell for cellular respiration B. Carries waste carbon dioxide ( most hydrated to bicarbonate which is released into blood back to lungs.) cc. In the lungs it is reformed (rehydrated in rbc) into co2 and exhaled Production of rbc and regulation - Rbc produced in bone marrow Production is aka erythropoesis Controlled by the hormones erythropoietin Epo is made is made in the kidney in response to decreased 02 delivery and increased levels of androgen What happens when rbc break down - When dead they transport to the spleen Iron And hemoglobin break apart resulting in biliruben Biliruben released in to the plasma and recirculated to the liver What antigens does type a blood have and antibodies - Antigen a B antibodies What antigens does type b blood have and antibodies - B antigens A antibodies What antigens does type AB blood have and antibodies - Type AB antigens No antibodies What antigens does type o blood have and antibodies - No antigens A and b antibodies five leukocytes - neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils neutrophils function: inflammatory response - Cellular defense 65% wbc Eosinophil function - Cellular defense parasitre worms allergic reaction Basophil function - release histamine and other mediators of inflammation; contain heparin, an anticoagulant Lymphocytes functions are? - destroy cancer cells, present antigens to activate other cells in immune system, secrete antibodies, and serve in immune memory Monocytes funtion - Largest wbc mobile and highly phagocytic Orgin and function of platelet - Homeostasis Major propertire: agglutination, adehesiveness and aggregation Starts in bone marrow Process of hemostasis and clot dissolution - Vasoconstriction causes temp closure of vessel and lessens blood loss Platelets plug formation after damage or injury Sticky platelets form plug Coagulation 3 step Fibrinolysis Plasim released by damaged crlls to dissolve clot Structure and function or pericardial sac - Double wall sac contained the heart and roots of great vessel 2 layers fibrous and serious Enclosed pericardial cavity which contains pericardial cavity Function and layers of heart - Pericardial - fibrous or serious tough lose fitting sac parietal and visceral inside covers outside heart Epicardium outer level Myocardium thick muscle layer compress heart cavities and great force Endocardium inner layer Atrioventricular valve - Between atrium and ventricle Tricuspid valve - valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle bicuspid valve - valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle. What are valves attached to papillary muscles by - Cordae tendon Semilunar valves - Prevent blood flowing back in to ventricles from aorta and pulmonary trunk Pathway of blood through the heart - superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lung capillaries, pulmonary vein, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aorta What kind of blood is on right side of heart - Deoxygenated Waves in ekg and function - P wave - sa node depolarization atrial contraction PR -av node and bungles branches QRS - perkinje fibers - ventricular contraction t wave - ventricle repolarization or relaxation Arteries function - carry blood away from the heart Vein function - carry blood to the heart cappilaries - vessels that allow oxygen and nutrients to pass through the body cells Sturcture of capillary - Small most numerous blood vessel Exchanges between blood and tissue cells pulmonary circulation - flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart systemic circulation - circulation that supplies blood to all the body except to the lungs fetal circulation - the system of blood vessels and structures through which blood moves in a fetus pulmonary ventilation - movement of air in and out of the lungs external respiration - exchange of gases between lungs and blood internal respiration - Exchange of gases between cells of the body and the tissues Olfaction is what kind of exchange - Chemical Upper respiratory structure - Nose Pharynx (house tonsils and adenoids) Larynx (hold epiglottis to cover trachea while swallowing) Larynx location - Between pharynx and trachea Inferior to the hyoid bone and tongue Anterior to esophagus Function of epiglottis - closes off the trachea during swallowing Function of vocal cord - Protect airway from choking Regulate air flow in lung Produce sound for speech Trachea function - provides air flow to and from the lungs Function of bronchi - transports air from the trachea into the lungs Bronchioles function - a network of smaller branches leading from the bronchi into the lung tissue and ultimately to air sacs Alveoli function - Tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs