HSM 210 Final Exam Questions and
Answers 100% Verified
Global Health - ANSWER-Transnational health, health concerns that cross national
borders. The term global health is sometimes used interchangeably with international
health, but international health is now more often used to describe a focus on the health
issues of people who live in lower-income countries
What is Health - ANSWER-The incorrect definition of health is the absence of disease.
WHO Definition - a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity
Medicine - ANSWER-Medicine is concerned with the health of individuals. It is limited to
health because it is the result of other factors.
Public Health - ANSWER-Public Health focuses on the health of populations, whether
small villages or entire world regions. Goals of this include preventing illnesses, injuries,
and deaths at the population level.
Observational study - ANSWER-observes what people are doing or asks about what
they have done in the past. No intervention is assigned to participants. Just wanna learn
about the population.
Descriptive studies - ANSWER-want to describe the members of a population, the risk
factors, rate of disease in that population. Often answer who, where, when?
Analytic Studies - ANSWER-aim to understand the associations between risk factors
and disease within populations. Answer why?
Prevalence survey/Cross sectional survey - ANSWER-can be used to get a snapshot of
a population's health status at one point in time. Get a sample of population, ask
participants a series of Q's and analyze the collected data. Questionnaire. Most
common used in public health research.
Two key causations about conducting and assessing cross-sectional surveys -
ANSWER-1. These studies must recruit participants who are truly representative of the
population the researchers want to examine. For instance, study about health of women
should not be limited to only pregnant women.
2. No conclusions about causality can be made from cross-sectional data, because all
the questions about exposures and diseases are asked at the same time. For instance,
a survey of chewing tobacco uses and dental cavities among 1000 high school students
, might find a higher prevalence among those who chew but that does not prove that
chew causes cavities.
Case Series - ANSWER-looks at characteristics of a group of people who all have same
disease. Case study = 1 patient while series = 2 or more
Case-control studies - ANSWER-recruit people with a disease and people who do not
have disease so past exposures can be compared
Secondary Prevention - ANSWER-diagnose disease at an early stage when it has not
yet caused significant damage to body (screening with mammography)
for people with early, non-symptomatic disease
Tertiary Prevention - ANSWER-reduce complications in those with symptomatic disease
in order to prevent death or minimize disability (providing physical therapy to people
injured in car accident to prevent long-term disability)
for people with symptomatic disease
Screening - ANSWER-type of secondary prevention where well defined group of people
are encouraged to be tested for disease based on evidence that members of population
are at risk for disease
Odds ratio - ANSWER-compares the odds of a case having history of a particular
exposure to the odds of a control having been exposed to the potential risk factor
~1 = no association between disease and exposure in study population
<1 = cases (people with disease) were less likely than controls (people without disease)
to have a history of the exposure
>1 = people with disease were more likely than people w/out disease to have history of
exposure
95% confidence interval - ANSWER-based on the sample of people the researchers
took from the larger population, we can be 95% confident that the true odds ratio in the
population is close to that range
If entire confidence interval is >1 or <1 it is statistically significant. If it overlaps 1, it has
no statistically significant association.
Cohort - ANSWER-group of similar people
Rate Ratio/Risk Ratio/Relative Risk (RR) - ANSWER-= 1 means exposed and
unexposed participants are equally likely to develop disease
<1 means exposure was protective
>1 means exposure was associated with increased risk of disease
(pg 49)
Answers 100% Verified
Global Health - ANSWER-Transnational health, health concerns that cross national
borders. The term global health is sometimes used interchangeably with international
health, but international health is now more often used to describe a focus on the health
issues of people who live in lower-income countries
What is Health - ANSWER-The incorrect definition of health is the absence of disease.
WHO Definition - a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity
Medicine - ANSWER-Medicine is concerned with the health of individuals. It is limited to
health because it is the result of other factors.
Public Health - ANSWER-Public Health focuses on the health of populations, whether
small villages or entire world regions. Goals of this include preventing illnesses, injuries,
and deaths at the population level.
Observational study - ANSWER-observes what people are doing or asks about what
they have done in the past. No intervention is assigned to participants. Just wanna learn
about the population.
Descriptive studies - ANSWER-want to describe the members of a population, the risk
factors, rate of disease in that population. Often answer who, where, when?
Analytic Studies - ANSWER-aim to understand the associations between risk factors
and disease within populations. Answer why?
Prevalence survey/Cross sectional survey - ANSWER-can be used to get a snapshot of
a population's health status at one point in time. Get a sample of population, ask
participants a series of Q's and analyze the collected data. Questionnaire. Most
common used in public health research.
Two key causations about conducting and assessing cross-sectional surveys -
ANSWER-1. These studies must recruit participants who are truly representative of the
population the researchers want to examine. For instance, study about health of women
should not be limited to only pregnant women.
2. No conclusions about causality can be made from cross-sectional data, because all
the questions about exposures and diseases are asked at the same time. For instance,
a survey of chewing tobacco uses and dental cavities among 1000 high school students
, might find a higher prevalence among those who chew but that does not prove that
chew causes cavities.
Case Series - ANSWER-looks at characteristics of a group of people who all have same
disease. Case study = 1 patient while series = 2 or more
Case-control studies - ANSWER-recruit people with a disease and people who do not
have disease so past exposures can be compared
Secondary Prevention - ANSWER-diagnose disease at an early stage when it has not
yet caused significant damage to body (screening with mammography)
for people with early, non-symptomatic disease
Tertiary Prevention - ANSWER-reduce complications in those with symptomatic disease
in order to prevent death or minimize disability (providing physical therapy to people
injured in car accident to prevent long-term disability)
for people with symptomatic disease
Screening - ANSWER-type of secondary prevention where well defined group of people
are encouraged to be tested for disease based on evidence that members of population
are at risk for disease
Odds ratio - ANSWER-compares the odds of a case having history of a particular
exposure to the odds of a control having been exposed to the potential risk factor
~1 = no association between disease and exposure in study population
<1 = cases (people with disease) were less likely than controls (people without disease)
to have a history of the exposure
>1 = people with disease were more likely than people w/out disease to have history of
exposure
95% confidence interval - ANSWER-based on the sample of people the researchers
took from the larger population, we can be 95% confident that the true odds ratio in the
population is close to that range
If entire confidence interval is >1 or <1 it is statistically significant. If it overlaps 1, it has
no statistically significant association.
Cohort - ANSWER-group of similar people
Rate Ratio/Risk Ratio/Relative Risk (RR) - ANSWER-= 1 means exposed and
unexposed participants are equally likely to develop disease
<1 means exposure was protective
>1 means exposure was associated with increased risk of disease
(pg 49)
