PAEDIATRIC PHYSIOTHERAPY EXAM REVISION
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS. ALL EXAM REVISION
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS (ALREADY GRADED
A+) (2024 UPDATE) 100% GUARANTEED
What are infantile (PRIMITIVE) reflexes? - ANSWER- First 3 months of life = integral part
of movement
They all should be integrated in the first year of life (should no longer be a reflex, should be a
controlled movement)
Automatic reflex actions in response to stimuli and are mediate from the BRAINSTEM- present
at BIRTH, most suppressed within first 6 months - naturally inhibit 4-6 months - voluntary
movements start to dominate and postural reflexes emerge to control balance and coordination
What is suspected if primitive reflexes last beyond 6 months? - ANSWER- Abnormal
neurologically
Further investigation for cerebral palsy and other neurologically based conditions
Persistence will interfere with typical development and the normal acquisition of motor skills
EXAMPLE
> Stepping reflex may be retained longer than expected when parents facilitate this reflex to
promote walking at too early an age i.e. 5-7 months
,> The ATNR and the TLR have been shown to have maximum strength at 2-4 months age and then
fade - clinically these two primitive reflexes have been considered the most sensitive indicators of
early motor abnormality
Simple screening test for early identification of infants at risk for cerebral palsy - ANSWER-
Screening test to detect any retained primitive reflexes and abnormal postural reactions
Galant reflex - ANSWER- Tested at birth to rule of SpC damage/brain damage
Integrated: 4 weeks
Prone over palm of hand, thumb beside spine from shoulder to buttocks, reflex indicated by lateral
flexion towards stimulus
moro (startle) reflex - ANSWER- Primitive fight/flight reflex
Integrated 2-4 months
Sudden extension and abduction of UL's with opening hands followed by flexion of UL's to the
midline following brief drop of head (lessened support to infants head in semi sitting position)
Rooting reflex - ANSWER- Assists with feeding - stroking babies cheek, automatically turn
head and open mouth
Integrated 2-3 months
Stepping reflex - ANSWER- Integrated: 2-4 months
Child held in vertical, tilted slightly forward > simultaneous hip and knee flexion + ankle DF of
the forward extremity
,Palmar grasp reflex - ANSWER- Fingers automatically flexed when something put in palm
Integrated 6 months
Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR) - ANSWER- Sword fighter (fencing) position
Integrated by 6 months
Infant in supine, encourage rotation of head 90 degrees to one side by following object > arm and
leg on face side will extend, arm and leg on opposite side will flex
Tonic labyrinth reflex - ANSWER- Supine/prone
If persists - can demonstrate increased flexor or extensor tone
Integrated 6 months
SUPINE: gently move child's head/shoulders/hip against gravity > thrusting back of head and
retraction of shoulders, stiffening of back/arching, legs straighten and stiffen and push together,
toes point, arms bend at elbows, wrist and hands become fisted/fingers curl
Presence of this beyond newborn stage known as abnormal EXTENSION pattern
PRONE: gently lift child's head and shoulder > pulling down of head + protraction of shoulder
girdle
Gestational age (GA) - ANSWER- How many weeks gestation the baby was when they were
born
EDB/EDA - ANSWER- Estimated date of birth/arrival
When is a foetus considered viable? - ANSWER- >23 weeks gestation
, At how many weeks is a baby called premature? - ANSWER- < 37 weeks
At how many weeks is a baby called a 'term baby' - ANSWER- 37-40 weeks
Plurality - ANSWER- Multiple births
Term for 0-4 week y/o - ANSWER- Neonate/newborn
Term for 4 week - 1 y/o - ANSWER- Infant/baby
Term for 1-2 y/o - ANSWER- Toddler
Term for 3-5 y/o - ANSWER- Pre-scholar
Term for 6-12 y/o - ANSWER- School aged child
Term for 13-18 y/o - ANSWER- Adolescent
LBW - ANSWER- Low birth weight
SGA - ANSWER- Small for gestational age
IUGR - ANSWER- Intrauterine growth retardation
HIE - ANSWER- Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy - type of brain damage that occurs when
an infant's brain doesn't receive enough O2 and blood
NICU - ANSWER- Neonatal intensive care unit
SCN - ANSWER- Special care nursery
HDU - ANSWER- High dependency unit
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS. ALL EXAM REVISION
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS (ALREADY GRADED
A+) (2024 UPDATE) 100% GUARANTEED
What are infantile (PRIMITIVE) reflexes? - ANSWER- First 3 months of life = integral part
of movement
They all should be integrated in the first year of life (should no longer be a reflex, should be a
controlled movement)
Automatic reflex actions in response to stimuli and are mediate from the BRAINSTEM- present
at BIRTH, most suppressed within first 6 months - naturally inhibit 4-6 months - voluntary
movements start to dominate and postural reflexes emerge to control balance and coordination
What is suspected if primitive reflexes last beyond 6 months? - ANSWER- Abnormal
neurologically
Further investigation for cerebral palsy and other neurologically based conditions
Persistence will interfere with typical development and the normal acquisition of motor skills
EXAMPLE
> Stepping reflex may be retained longer than expected when parents facilitate this reflex to
promote walking at too early an age i.e. 5-7 months
,> The ATNR and the TLR have been shown to have maximum strength at 2-4 months age and then
fade - clinically these two primitive reflexes have been considered the most sensitive indicators of
early motor abnormality
Simple screening test for early identification of infants at risk for cerebral palsy - ANSWER-
Screening test to detect any retained primitive reflexes and abnormal postural reactions
Galant reflex - ANSWER- Tested at birth to rule of SpC damage/brain damage
Integrated: 4 weeks
Prone over palm of hand, thumb beside spine from shoulder to buttocks, reflex indicated by lateral
flexion towards stimulus
moro (startle) reflex - ANSWER- Primitive fight/flight reflex
Integrated 2-4 months
Sudden extension and abduction of UL's with opening hands followed by flexion of UL's to the
midline following brief drop of head (lessened support to infants head in semi sitting position)
Rooting reflex - ANSWER- Assists with feeding - stroking babies cheek, automatically turn
head and open mouth
Integrated 2-3 months
Stepping reflex - ANSWER- Integrated: 2-4 months
Child held in vertical, tilted slightly forward > simultaneous hip and knee flexion + ankle DF of
the forward extremity
,Palmar grasp reflex - ANSWER- Fingers automatically flexed when something put in palm
Integrated 6 months
Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR) - ANSWER- Sword fighter (fencing) position
Integrated by 6 months
Infant in supine, encourage rotation of head 90 degrees to one side by following object > arm and
leg on face side will extend, arm and leg on opposite side will flex
Tonic labyrinth reflex - ANSWER- Supine/prone
If persists - can demonstrate increased flexor or extensor tone
Integrated 6 months
SUPINE: gently move child's head/shoulders/hip against gravity > thrusting back of head and
retraction of shoulders, stiffening of back/arching, legs straighten and stiffen and push together,
toes point, arms bend at elbows, wrist and hands become fisted/fingers curl
Presence of this beyond newborn stage known as abnormal EXTENSION pattern
PRONE: gently lift child's head and shoulder > pulling down of head + protraction of shoulder
girdle
Gestational age (GA) - ANSWER- How many weeks gestation the baby was when they were
born
EDB/EDA - ANSWER- Estimated date of birth/arrival
When is a foetus considered viable? - ANSWER- >23 weeks gestation
, At how many weeks is a baby called premature? - ANSWER- < 37 weeks
At how many weeks is a baby called a 'term baby' - ANSWER- 37-40 weeks
Plurality - ANSWER- Multiple births
Term for 0-4 week y/o - ANSWER- Neonate/newborn
Term for 4 week - 1 y/o - ANSWER- Infant/baby
Term for 1-2 y/o - ANSWER- Toddler
Term for 3-5 y/o - ANSWER- Pre-scholar
Term for 6-12 y/o - ANSWER- School aged child
Term for 13-18 y/o - ANSWER- Adolescent
LBW - ANSWER- Low birth weight
SGA - ANSWER- Small for gestational age
IUGR - ANSWER- Intrauterine growth retardation
HIE - ANSWER- Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy - type of brain damage that occurs when
an infant's brain doesn't receive enough O2 and blood
NICU - ANSWER- Neonatal intensive care unit
SCN - ANSWER- Special care nursery
HDU - ANSWER- High dependency unit
