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NUR 231-Final Exam Questions and
Answers 100% Solved
Types of cellular healing - ✔✔1. resolution
2. regeneration
3. replacement
Resolution cellular healing is what? - ✔✔minimal tissue damage
Quick resolution of injury
Ex: abrasion on the knee
Regeneration cellular healing is what? - ✔✔tissue is regenerated by new
cells. This only occurs if cells are able to regenerate.
Ex: liver
Replacement cellular healing is what? - ✔✔original cells cannot
regenerate. The result normal cells are replaced by another type of cell.
What type of cells usually replace normal cells in replacement healing? -
✔✔connective/scar
What can result from replacement healing? - ✔✔decreased function
What are the two healing processes - ✔✔1. First intention (sutured)
,©NINJANERD 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
2. Second intention (open healing)
What is first intention healing process? - ✔✔1. injury and inflammation
(suture holds edges together
2. granulation tissue and epithelial growth
3. small scar remains
uses fibroblast
What is the second intention healing process? - ✔✔1. injury and
inflammation (no suture- open edges)
2. granulation tissue and epithelial growth
3. large scar remains-due to increased fibrinous and scar tissue
Factors that promote healing - ✔✔youth
good nutrition: protein, Vit A&C
adequate Hemoglobin
Effective Circulation
Clean, undisturbed wound
Factors that delay healing - ✔✔advanced age (reduced mitosis)
Poor nutrition
Dehydration
Anemia
,©NINJANERD 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
Circ. problems
irritation
Infection
Prolonged use of glucocorticoids
Complications of healing - ✔✔loss of function
contracture/obstruction
adhesions
Keloids
Ulcerations
Metaplasia
What is a Keloid - ✔✔an abnormal response to scar formation (big puffy
scar)
Steps of the inflammatory response - ✔✔1. damaged tissues release
histamines increasing blood flow to the area
2. histamines cause capillaries to leak, releasing phagocytes and clotting
factors into wound
3. phagocytes engulf bacteria, dead cells, and cellular debris
4. platelets move out of the capillary to seal the wounded area;
, ©NINJANERD 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
What are the non-specific defenses - ✔✔1. fluids (tears, saliva, mucus,
gastric)
2. barriers (skin and membranes)
3. Phagocytosis
What are the specific defenses - ✔✔1. Humoral
2. Cell mediated
What are the granulocytes - ✔✔neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils
What are neutrophils - ✔✔most abundant phagocyte (70-75%)
- usualy increased to show bacterial infection (left shift)
What are basophils - ✔✔histamine releasing phagocyte
What are Eosinophils - ✔✔phagocytes released in
-Type I allergic
Histamine release
What are the agranulocytes - ✔✔B-Cells
T-Cells
Monocyte-Macrophage
What cells are involved in specific immunity - ✔✔B & T cells
NUR 231-Final Exam Questions and
Answers 100% Solved
Types of cellular healing - ✔✔1. resolution
2. regeneration
3. replacement
Resolution cellular healing is what? - ✔✔minimal tissue damage
Quick resolution of injury
Ex: abrasion on the knee
Regeneration cellular healing is what? - ✔✔tissue is regenerated by new
cells. This only occurs if cells are able to regenerate.
Ex: liver
Replacement cellular healing is what? - ✔✔original cells cannot
regenerate. The result normal cells are replaced by another type of cell.
What type of cells usually replace normal cells in replacement healing? -
✔✔connective/scar
What can result from replacement healing? - ✔✔decreased function
What are the two healing processes - ✔✔1. First intention (sutured)
,©NINJANERD 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
2. Second intention (open healing)
What is first intention healing process? - ✔✔1. injury and inflammation
(suture holds edges together
2. granulation tissue and epithelial growth
3. small scar remains
uses fibroblast
What is the second intention healing process? - ✔✔1. injury and
inflammation (no suture- open edges)
2. granulation tissue and epithelial growth
3. large scar remains-due to increased fibrinous and scar tissue
Factors that promote healing - ✔✔youth
good nutrition: protein, Vit A&C
adequate Hemoglobin
Effective Circulation
Clean, undisturbed wound
Factors that delay healing - ✔✔advanced age (reduced mitosis)
Poor nutrition
Dehydration
Anemia
,©NINJANERD 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
Circ. problems
irritation
Infection
Prolonged use of glucocorticoids
Complications of healing - ✔✔loss of function
contracture/obstruction
adhesions
Keloids
Ulcerations
Metaplasia
What is a Keloid - ✔✔an abnormal response to scar formation (big puffy
scar)
Steps of the inflammatory response - ✔✔1. damaged tissues release
histamines increasing blood flow to the area
2. histamines cause capillaries to leak, releasing phagocytes and clotting
factors into wound
3. phagocytes engulf bacteria, dead cells, and cellular debris
4. platelets move out of the capillary to seal the wounded area;
, ©NINJANERD 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
What are the non-specific defenses - ✔✔1. fluids (tears, saliva, mucus,
gastric)
2. barriers (skin and membranes)
3. Phagocytosis
What are the specific defenses - ✔✔1. Humoral
2. Cell mediated
What are the granulocytes - ✔✔neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils
What are neutrophils - ✔✔most abundant phagocyte (70-75%)
- usualy increased to show bacterial infection (left shift)
What are basophils - ✔✔histamine releasing phagocyte
What are Eosinophils - ✔✔phagocytes released in
-Type I allergic
Histamine release
What are the agranulocytes - ✔✔B-Cells
T-Cells
Monocyte-Macrophage
What cells are involved in specific immunity - ✔✔B & T cells
