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NTP 677 Exam 1 Questions and Answers
100% Solved | Graded A+
What are EEG characteristics of wake ? - ✔✔gamma and beta
alpha rhythm
Low voltage, high frequency
What are EEG and EOG characteristics of N1 sleep? - ✔✔Relatively low
voltage
mixed frequency EEG
slow-rolling eye movements
What are EEG characteristics of N2 sleep? - ✔✔K complexes
Sleep spindles
What are EEG characteristics of slow wave sleep? - ✔✔High amplituted
Low frequency
What stage is the bulk of sleep? - ✔✔N2 (50%)
WHat stage of sleep decreases with age? - ✔✔N3
What frequencies are delta waves? - ✔✔0.1-0.45/0.2-2 Hz
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What frequencies are theta waves? - ✔✔4-7 Hz
WHat frequencies are alpha waves? - ✔✔8-15 Hz
What frequencies are beta waves? - ✔✔16-30 Hz
What frequencies are gamma waves? - ✔✔>30 Hz
What are characteristics of REM? - ✔✔Similar EEG to N1 or W
Low chin EMG
Hippocampal theta activity (cannot be seen from EEG in humans)
What triggers hippocampal theta activity in mice and humans? -
✔✔exploration
novelty
REM
What type of neurons are measured by an EEG? - ✔✔mainly pyramidal
excitatory neurons
What type of neuronal activity is measured by an EEG? - ✔✔Post synaptic
potentials of apical dendrites running parallel to the surface
What causes Slow Waves? - ✔✔alternating bistability of groups of neurons
What percentage of sleep is N1? - ✔✔5%
What percentage of sleep is N3? - ✔✔20-25%
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What percentage of sleep is REM? - ✔✔20-25%
When is your deepest sleep? - ✔✔First two cycles of
When is REM more dominant? - ✔✔development
What effects were observed to lead to the discovery of ARAS? - ✔✔Effect
can be unilateral in low stimulation
Effect not due to cholinergic neurons
Effect not due to antidromic stimulation of pyramidal tract
Effect not due to orthodromic stimulation of specific sensory pathways
Effect mimicked by stimulation of intrathalamic nuclei, yet persists after
thalamic lesions
What is the most important property of activating systems? -
✔✔redundancy and specificity
sleep and wake systems inhibit each other
What activating system is found in the Locus Coeruleus? -
✔✔Norepinephrine
Where is the LC located? - ✔✔dorsal pons
Where do activating systems project to? - ✔✔Pretty much everywhere in
the nervous system
What diversity is found in the LC? - ✔✔morphology
, ©NINJANERD 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
projection target
molecular composition
In the LC, how is projection targets organized? - ✔✔caudal neurons go to
spine, rostral neurons go to frontal areas
What happens to the rostral-caudal gradient of the LC with age? -
✔✔increased asymmetry
general decrease in rostral connections
When do LC neurons fire in wake? - ✔✔Salient/novel stimuli
When do LC neurons fire in sleep staging? - ✔✔Mostly in wake (oscillatory)
Much less in NREM (oscillatory negative correlation with spindles)
Silent in REM (declines monotonically)
Increased levels with microarousals
What happens with LC neurons at the REM to wake transition? - ✔✔They
fire a few seconds before muscle tone returns and EEG activates
WHat is halorhodopsin? - ✔✔A chloride-specific yellow light-gated ion
channel
What is channelrhodopsin 2? - ✔✔Cation pump sensitive to blue light
What is the optogenetic findings in LC neurons? - ✔✔Stimulation induces
EEG activation and behavioral arousal
NTP 677 Exam 1 Questions and Answers
100% Solved | Graded A+
What are EEG characteristics of wake ? - ✔✔gamma and beta
alpha rhythm
Low voltage, high frequency
What are EEG and EOG characteristics of N1 sleep? - ✔✔Relatively low
voltage
mixed frequency EEG
slow-rolling eye movements
What are EEG characteristics of N2 sleep? - ✔✔K complexes
Sleep spindles
What are EEG characteristics of slow wave sleep? - ✔✔High amplituted
Low frequency
What stage is the bulk of sleep? - ✔✔N2 (50%)
WHat stage of sleep decreases with age? - ✔✔N3
What frequencies are delta waves? - ✔✔0.1-0.45/0.2-2 Hz
,©NINJANERD 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
What frequencies are theta waves? - ✔✔4-7 Hz
WHat frequencies are alpha waves? - ✔✔8-15 Hz
What frequencies are beta waves? - ✔✔16-30 Hz
What frequencies are gamma waves? - ✔✔>30 Hz
What are characteristics of REM? - ✔✔Similar EEG to N1 or W
Low chin EMG
Hippocampal theta activity (cannot be seen from EEG in humans)
What triggers hippocampal theta activity in mice and humans? -
✔✔exploration
novelty
REM
What type of neurons are measured by an EEG? - ✔✔mainly pyramidal
excitatory neurons
What type of neuronal activity is measured by an EEG? - ✔✔Post synaptic
potentials of apical dendrites running parallel to the surface
What causes Slow Waves? - ✔✔alternating bistability of groups of neurons
What percentage of sleep is N1? - ✔✔5%
What percentage of sleep is N3? - ✔✔20-25%
,©NINJANERD 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
What percentage of sleep is REM? - ✔✔20-25%
When is your deepest sleep? - ✔✔First two cycles of
When is REM more dominant? - ✔✔development
What effects were observed to lead to the discovery of ARAS? - ✔✔Effect
can be unilateral in low stimulation
Effect not due to cholinergic neurons
Effect not due to antidromic stimulation of pyramidal tract
Effect not due to orthodromic stimulation of specific sensory pathways
Effect mimicked by stimulation of intrathalamic nuclei, yet persists after
thalamic lesions
What is the most important property of activating systems? -
✔✔redundancy and specificity
sleep and wake systems inhibit each other
What activating system is found in the Locus Coeruleus? -
✔✔Norepinephrine
Where is the LC located? - ✔✔dorsal pons
Where do activating systems project to? - ✔✔Pretty much everywhere in
the nervous system
What diversity is found in the LC? - ✔✔morphology
, ©NINJANERD 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
projection target
molecular composition
In the LC, how is projection targets organized? - ✔✔caudal neurons go to
spine, rostral neurons go to frontal areas
What happens to the rostral-caudal gradient of the LC with age? -
✔✔increased asymmetry
general decrease in rostral connections
When do LC neurons fire in wake? - ✔✔Salient/novel stimuli
When do LC neurons fire in sleep staging? - ✔✔Mostly in wake (oscillatory)
Much less in NREM (oscillatory negative correlation with spindles)
Silent in REM (declines monotonically)
Increased levels with microarousals
What happens with LC neurons at the REM to wake transition? - ✔✔They
fire a few seconds before muscle tone returns and EEG activates
WHat is halorhodopsin? - ✔✔A chloride-specific yellow light-gated ion
channel
What is channelrhodopsin 2? - ✔✔Cation pump sensitive to blue light
What is the optogenetic findings in LC neurons? - ✔✔Stimulation induces
EEG activation and behavioral arousal
