Advanced Assessment: Interpreting Findings and Formulating Differential Diagnoses
Fourth Edition Test Bank
Chapter 1. Assessment and Clinical Decision Making: An Overview
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which type of clinical decision making is most reliable?
A. Analytical I
B. Augenblink
C. Experiential
D. Intuitive
ANS: A
Croskerry (2009) describes two major types of clinical diagnostic decision making: intuitive
and analytical. Intuitive decision making (similar to Augenblink decision making) is based on
the experience and intuition of the clinician and is less reliable and paired with fairly common
errors. In contrast, analytical decision making is based on careful consideration and has
greater reliability with rare errors.
PTS: 1
,
2. You are using the PQRST approach while completing the history of present illness for a
patient complaining of pain. Which of the following questions is relevant to the “P” portion of
this approach?
A. How would you describe your pain?
B. Can you point to the area of most severe pain?
C. How has your pain changed since you first noticed it?
D. What makes the pain worse or better?
ANS: D
In the PQRST model, “P” refers to exploring precipitating and palliative factors. Identify
factors that make the symptom worse and/or better, any previous self-treatment or prescribed
treatment, and response.
PTS: 1
, Advanced Assessment: Interpreting Findings and Formulating Differential Diagnoses
Fourth Edition Test Bank
3. Essential parts of a health history include all of the following except:
A. Chief complaint
B. Current vital signs
C. History of the present illness
D. Review of systems
ANS: B
Vital signs are part of the physical examination portion of patient assessment, not part of the
health history.
PTS: 1
4. While reading an article on hypothyroidism, you find a helpful graphic depiction of the
decision-making process recommended by the authors to find a definitive diagnosis. This
graphic is an example of:
A. A clinical prediction tool
B. Clinical guidelines
C. A decision tree
D. A diagnostic finding guide
ANS: C
Clinical decision trees provide a graphic depiction of the decision-making process, showing
the pathway based on findings at various steps in the process.
PTS: 1
5. Which of the following is the least reliable source of information for diagnostic statistics?
A. Evidence-based investigations
B. Primary reports of research
C. Estimation based on a provider’s experience
D. Published meta-analyses
ANS: C
Sources for diagnostic statistics include textbooks, primary reports of research, and published
meta-analyses. Another source of statistics, the one that has been most widely used and
available for application to the reasoning process, is the estimation based on a provider’s
experience, although these are rarely accurate. Over the past decade, the availability of
evidence on which to base clinical reasoning is improving, and there is an increasing
expectation that clinical reasoning be based on scientific evidence. Evidence-based statistics
are also increasingly being used to develop resources to facilitate clinical decision making.
PTS: 1
6. Which of the following can be used to assist in sound clinical decision making?
A. An algorithm published in a peer-reviewed journal article
, Advanced Assessment: Interpreting Findings and Formulating Differential Diagnoses
Fourth Edition Test Bank
B. Clinical practice guidelines
C. Evidence-based research
D. All of the above
ANS: D
To assist in clinical decision making, a number of evidence-based resources have been
developed to assist the clinician. Resources, such as algorithms and clinical practice
guidelines, assist in clinical reasoning when properly applied.
PTS: 1
7. If a diagnostic study has high sensitivity, this indicates:
A. A high percentage of persons with the given condition will have an abnormal result
B. A high percentage of persons without the condition will have inconclusive results
C. A low likelihood of normal result in persons without a given condition
D. A low percentage of persons with the given condition will have an abnormal result
ANS: A
The sensitivity of a diagnostic study is the percentage of individuals with the target condition
who show an abnormal, or positive, result. A high sensitivity indicates that a greater
percentage of persons with the given condition will have an abnormal result.
PTS: 1
8. If a diagnostic study has high specificity, this indicates:
A. A low percentage of healthy individuals will show a normal result
B. A high percentage of healthy individuals will show a normal result
C. A high percentage of individuals with a disorder will show a normal result
D. A low percentage of individuals with a disorder will show an abnormal result
ANS: B
The specificity of a diagnostic study is the percentage of normal, healthy individuals who
have a normal result. The greater the specificity, the greater the percentage of individuals who
will have negative, or normal, results if they do not have the target condition.
PTS: 1
9. A likelihood ratio above 1 indicates that a diagnostic test showing a:
A. Positive result is strongly associated with the disease
B. Negative result is strongly associated with absence of the disease
C. Positive result is weakly associated with the disease
D. Negative result is weakly associated with absence of the disease
ANS: A
, Advanced Assessment: Interpreting Findings and Formulating Differential Diagnoses
Fourth Edition Test Bank
The likelihood ratio is the probability that a positive test result will be associated with a
person who has the target condition and a negative result will be associated with a healthy
person. A likelihood ratio above 1 indicates that a positive result is associated with the
disease; a likelihood ratio less than 1 indicates that a negative result is associated with an
absence of the disease.
PTS: 1
10. Which of the following clinical reasoning tools is defined as an evidence-based resource
based on mathematical modeling to express the likelihood of a condition in select situations,
settings, and/or patients?
A. Clinical practice guideline
B. Clinical decision rule
C. Clinical algorithm
D. Clinical recommendation
ANS: B
Clinical decision (or prediction) rules provide another support for clinical reasoning. Clinical
decision rules are evidence-based resources that provide probabilistic statements regarding the
likelihood that a condition exists if certain variables are met with regard to the prognosis of
patients with specific findings. Decision rules use mathematical models and are specific to
certain situations, settings, and/or patient characteristics.
PTS: 1
Chapter 2. Genomic Assessment: Interpreting Findings and Formulating Differential
Diagnosis
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The first step in the genomic assessment of a patient is obtaining information regarding:
A. Family history
B. Environmental exposures
C. Lifestyle and behaviors
D. Current medications
ANS: A
A critical first step in any health assessment is collecting and interpreting the family health
history (FHH). FHH is key because it reflects shared genetic susceptibilities, shared
environment, and common behaviors (Yoon, Scheuner, & Khoury, 2003).
PTS: 1
Fourth Edition Test Bank
Chapter 1. Assessment and Clinical Decision Making: An Overview
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which type of clinical decision making is most reliable?
A. Analytical I
B. Augenblink
C. Experiential
D. Intuitive
ANS: A
Croskerry (2009) describes two major types of clinical diagnostic decision making: intuitive
and analytical. Intuitive decision making (similar to Augenblink decision making) is based on
the experience and intuition of the clinician and is less reliable and paired with fairly common
errors. In contrast, analytical decision making is based on careful consideration and has
greater reliability with rare errors.
PTS: 1
,
2. You are using the PQRST approach while completing the history of present illness for a
patient complaining of pain. Which of the following questions is relevant to the “P” portion of
this approach?
A. How would you describe your pain?
B. Can you point to the area of most severe pain?
C. How has your pain changed since you first noticed it?
D. What makes the pain worse or better?
ANS: D
In the PQRST model, “P” refers to exploring precipitating and palliative factors. Identify
factors that make the symptom worse and/or better, any previous self-treatment or prescribed
treatment, and response.
PTS: 1
, Advanced Assessment: Interpreting Findings and Formulating Differential Diagnoses
Fourth Edition Test Bank
3. Essential parts of a health history include all of the following except:
A. Chief complaint
B. Current vital signs
C. History of the present illness
D. Review of systems
ANS: B
Vital signs are part of the physical examination portion of patient assessment, not part of the
health history.
PTS: 1
4. While reading an article on hypothyroidism, you find a helpful graphic depiction of the
decision-making process recommended by the authors to find a definitive diagnosis. This
graphic is an example of:
A. A clinical prediction tool
B. Clinical guidelines
C. A decision tree
D. A diagnostic finding guide
ANS: C
Clinical decision trees provide a graphic depiction of the decision-making process, showing
the pathway based on findings at various steps in the process.
PTS: 1
5. Which of the following is the least reliable source of information for diagnostic statistics?
A. Evidence-based investigations
B. Primary reports of research
C. Estimation based on a provider’s experience
D. Published meta-analyses
ANS: C
Sources for diagnostic statistics include textbooks, primary reports of research, and published
meta-analyses. Another source of statistics, the one that has been most widely used and
available for application to the reasoning process, is the estimation based on a provider’s
experience, although these are rarely accurate. Over the past decade, the availability of
evidence on which to base clinical reasoning is improving, and there is an increasing
expectation that clinical reasoning be based on scientific evidence. Evidence-based statistics
are also increasingly being used to develop resources to facilitate clinical decision making.
PTS: 1
6. Which of the following can be used to assist in sound clinical decision making?
A. An algorithm published in a peer-reviewed journal article
, Advanced Assessment: Interpreting Findings and Formulating Differential Diagnoses
Fourth Edition Test Bank
B. Clinical practice guidelines
C. Evidence-based research
D. All of the above
ANS: D
To assist in clinical decision making, a number of evidence-based resources have been
developed to assist the clinician. Resources, such as algorithms and clinical practice
guidelines, assist in clinical reasoning when properly applied.
PTS: 1
7. If a diagnostic study has high sensitivity, this indicates:
A. A high percentage of persons with the given condition will have an abnormal result
B. A high percentage of persons without the condition will have inconclusive results
C. A low likelihood of normal result in persons without a given condition
D. A low percentage of persons with the given condition will have an abnormal result
ANS: A
The sensitivity of a diagnostic study is the percentage of individuals with the target condition
who show an abnormal, or positive, result. A high sensitivity indicates that a greater
percentage of persons with the given condition will have an abnormal result.
PTS: 1
8. If a diagnostic study has high specificity, this indicates:
A. A low percentage of healthy individuals will show a normal result
B. A high percentage of healthy individuals will show a normal result
C. A high percentage of individuals with a disorder will show a normal result
D. A low percentage of individuals with a disorder will show an abnormal result
ANS: B
The specificity of a diagnostic study is the percentage of normal, healthy individuals who
have a normal result. The greater the specificity, the greater the percentage of individuals who
will have negative, or normal, results if they do not have the target condition.
PTS: 1
9. A likelihood ratio above 1 indicates that a diagnostic test showing a:
A. Positive result is strongly associated with the disease
B. Negative result is strongly associated with absence of the disease
C. Positive result is weakly associated with the disease
D. Negative result is weakly associated with absence of the disease
ANS: A
, Advanced Assessment: Interpreting Findings and Formulating Differential Diagnoses
Fourth Edition Test Bank
The likelihood ratio is the probability that a positive test result will be associated with a
person who has the target condition and a negative result will be associated with a healthy
person. A likelihood ratio above 1 indicates that a positive result is associated with the
disease; a likelihood ratio less than 1 indicates that a negative result is associated with an
absence of the disease.
PTS: 1
10. Which of the following clinical reasoning tools is defined as an evidence-based resource
based on mathematical modeling to express the likelihood of a condition in select situations,
settings, and/or patients?
A. Clinical practice guideline
B. Clinical decision rule
C. Clinical algorithm
D. Clinical recommendation
ANS: B
Clinical decision (or prediction) rules provide another support for clinical reasoning. Clinical
decision rules are evidence-based resources that provide probabilistic statements regarding the
likelihood that a condition exists if certain variables are met with regard to the prognosis of
patients with specific findings. Decision rules use mathematical models and are specific to
certain situations, settings, and/or patient characteristics.
PTS: 1
Chapter 2. Genomic Assessment: Interpreting Findings and Formulating Differential
Diagnosis
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The first step in the genomic assessment of a patient is obtaining information regarding:
A. Family history
B. Environmental exposures
C. Lifestyle and behaviors
D. Current medications
ANS: A
A critical first step in any health assessment is collecting and interpreting the family health
history (FHH). FHH is key because it reflects shared genetic susceptibilities, shared
environment, and common behaviors (Yoon, Scheuner, & Khoury, 2003).
PTS: 1
