NUR 641E MidtERM
stUdy GUidE ExaM
With QUEstioNs
aNd CoRRECt
aNsWERs 2024-
2025
, -Affected by chemical stability, solubility, and first pass-Correct answer-Steady state (of a drug) - correct
answer-stable level of drug in the body, occurs in 5 half lives of the drug
-rate of drug being added to system is equal to amount being eliminated from system-Correct answer-
Pharmacokinetics - correct answer-The process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the
body, metabolized, and excreted.
-what the body does to the drug-Correct answer-First pass - correct answer-the fact that a medication in
the GI tract passes through the liver before entering other organs-Correct answer-does not - correct
answer-bioequivalence does/does not affect bioavailability-Correct answer-Bioequivalence - correct
answer-relative therapeutic effectiveness of chemically equivalent drugs.-Correct answer-Bioavailability
(is affected by) - correct answer--chemical instability
-solubility
-first pass metabolism-Correct answer-Cytochrome P450 - correct answer--enzymes that function to
metabolize potentially toxic compounds, including drugs and products of endogenous metabolism such
as bilirubin, principally in the liver.
-genetics influence presence of enzymes
-affects metabolism of warfarin, antidepressants, antiepileptics, and statins.
-the levels of these drugs are higher when taken with certain drugs that are inhibitors (ex. warfarin with
omeprazole) because there is competition for enzyme metabolism.
-inducers lead to decreased plasma concentration of drug.-Correct answer-cytochrome p450 inducer -
correct answer-An inducer increases the metabolism of a substrate resulting in a decreased level or
effect of the substrate-Correct answer-cytochrome p450 inhibitor - correct answer-An inhibitor
decreases the metabolism of a substrate resulting in an increased level or effect of the substrate.-Correct
answer-Clopidogrel - correct answer-prodrug that must be activated by hepatic CYP2C19 metabolism;
individuals who are poor metabolizers may not form the active metabolite and have reduced antiplatelet
response-Correct answer-half-life (determines) - correct answer-how often a drug is administered-
Correct answer-4-5 - correct answer-steady state is reached in _-_ times the half-life-Correct answer-
Warfarin (MOA) - correct answer--Vitamin K antagonist
-Factors II, VII, IX, X
-takes several days to take effect
-monitor INR-Correct answer-Vitamin K - correct answer-warfarin antidote-Correct answer-Heparin
(MOA) - correct answer--rapid anticoagulation by binding with antithrombin III and inhibits factors IXa,
Xa, XIIa, and XIII
-aPTT monitoring (low dose SQ does not require monitoring)-Correct answer-Apixaban (MOA) - correct
answer-direct factor Xa inhibitor-Correct answer-parenteral administration - correct answer--directly into
systemic circulation
-poor absorption or unstable in GI tract (ex. heparin, insulin), rapid absorption, unable to take meds PO
-IV, IM, SQ, ID-Correct answer-IV - correct answer--into the vein
stUdy GUidE ExaM
With QUEstioNs
aNd CoRRECt
aNsWERs 2024-
2025
, -Affected by chemical stability, solubility, and first pass-Correct answer-Steady state (of a drug) - correct
answer-stable level of drug in the body, occurs in 5 half lives of the drug
-rate of drug being added to system is equal to amount being eliminated from system-Correct answer-
Pharmacokinetics - correct answer-The process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the
body, metabolized, and excreted.
-what the body does to the drug-Correct answer-First pass - correct answer-the fact that a medication in
the GI tract passes through the liver before entering other organs-Correct answer-does not - correct
answer-bioequivalence does/does not affect bioavailability-Correct answer-Bioequivalence - correct
answer-relative therapeutic effectiveness of chemically equivalent drugs.-Correct answer-Bioavailability
(is affected by) - correct answer--chemical instability
-solubility
-first pass metabolism-Correct answer-Cytochrome P450 - correct answer--enzymes that function to
metabolize potentially toxic compounds, including drugs and products of endogenous metabolism such
as bilirubin, principally in the liver.
-genetics influence presence of enzymes
-affects metabolism of warfarin, antidepressants, antiepileptics, and statins.
-the levels of these drugs are higher when taken with certain drugs that are inhibitors (ex. warfarin with
omeprazole) because there is competition for enzyme metabolism.
-inducers lead to decreased plasma concentration of drug.-Correct answer-cytochrome p450 inducer -
correct answer-An inducer increases the metabolism of a substrate resulting in a decreased level or
effect of the substrate-Correct answer-cytochrome p450 inhibitor - correct answer-An inhibitor
decreases the metabolism of a substrate resulting in an increased level or effect of the substrate.-Correct
answer-Clopidogrel - correct answer-prodrug that must be activated by hepatic CYP2C19 metabolism;
individuals who are poor metabolizers may not form the active metabolite and have reduced antiplatelet
response-Correct answer-half-life (determines) - correct answer-how often a drug is administered-
Correct answer-4-5 - correct answer-steady state is reached in _-_ times the half-life-Correct answer-
Warfarin (MOA) - correct answer--Vitamin K antagonist
-Factors II, VII, IX, X
-takes several days to take effect
-monitor INR-Correct answer-Vitamin K - correct answer-warfarin antidote-Correct answer-Heparin
(MOA) - correct answer--rapid anticoagulation by binding with antithrombin III and inhibits factors IXa,
Xa, XIIa, and XIII
-aPTT monitoring (low dose SQ does not require monitoring)-Correct answer-Apixaban (MOA) - correct
answer-direct factor Xa inhibitor-Correct answer-parenteral administration - correct answer--directly into
systemic circulation
-poor absorption or unstable in GI tract (ex. heparin, insulin), rapid absorption, unable to take meds PO
-IV, IM, SQ, ID-Correct answer-IV - correct answer--into the vein
