NURS 1200 (Comprehensive) FINAL
REVIEW STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATED.
Insensible losses of fluids
-Unavoidable and unregulated loss
Ex: Respiration (Lungs)
Perspiration (Skin)
Sensible Losses (Fluid Output)
-Fluid loss that can be measured
-Loss through urine excretion, feces
Intracellular fluid (ICF)
fluid within cells
extracellular fluid
fluid outside the cell
What is osmosis?
diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
What is diffusion?
The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration.
What is homeostasis?
process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment
Angiotensin 2 receptor antagonists (ARB)
(-Sartan): Losartan, Candesartan, Valsartan
Hypomagnesemia causes
Excessive GI drainage; NGT suctioning or diarrheaAlcohol withdrawal due to
electrolyte shifts as glucose enters the cellMalnourishment or
,malabsorptionOsmotic diuresis secondary to hyperglycemiaNephrotoxic drugs
and renal tubular diseaseSome drugs: corticosteroids , insulin, calcium gluconate,
aminoglycoside antibiotics and diuretics
Incubation Stage
time interval between the entry of an infectious agent in the host and the onset
of symptoms
Prodromal Stage
Interval from onset of nonspecific signs and symptoms (malaise, low-grade
fever, fatigue) to more specific symptoms. (During this time microorganisms
grow and multiply, and patient may be capable of spreading disease to others.)
For example, herpes simplex begins with itching and tingling at the site before
the lesion appears.
Hyponatremia causes
Sodium level< 135 Lethargy, nausea, vomiting, weakness • Rapid pulse • Muscle
spasms, twitching, diminished deep tendon reflexes • Headache, behavior
change, seizures, coma • Diarrhea, hyperactive bowel sounds, anorexia
Hypernatremia causes
Sodium level> 147 Twitching or seizures Agitation Confusion,Irritability Muscle
weakness Lethargy Coma Increased thirst Signs of dehydration: low-grade fever,
flushing, poor skin turgor, rapid pulse,
Hypokalemia
Potassium level < 3.5Muscle weakness due to decreased impulse
conductionNausea and vomiting; constipationMuscle cramping and weaknessST
depression, flat/inverted T-wave, enlarged Q wave on top of the T wave (looks
like prolonged QT interval)Decreased deep tendon reflexes
ARBs actions
Bind to angiotensin II receptor sites and block the vasoconstrictor from binding
to receptor sites in target organs
Hyperkalemia
, Potassium level > 5.0 A tall spike in T waves on the EKG; Prolong QT Muscle
cramping and weakness Diarrhea, Nausea, hyperactive bowel sounds Numbness
and tingling of face, hands and feet Confusion, restlessness, anxiety and
irritability
Hypomagnesemia
Magnesium level < l.8 mg Muscle twitches, spasms and cramping of legs & feet
Nausea and vomiting with or without paralytic ileus Prolonged QT interval,
wide QRS, ST depression, and T-wave inversion Restlessness and disorientation;
confusion Nystagmus
Hypocalcemia causes
Commonly caused by renal failure due to decreased excretion of phosphorus
and resulting hyperphosphatemia Parathyroidectomy or hypoparathyroidism
Excessive diarrhea Low Mag level Multiple blood transfusions that include
citrate (which binds to calcium)Vitamin D deficiency
illness stage of infection
Interval when patient manifests signs and symptoms specific to type of
infection. For example, strep throat is manifested by sore throat, pain, and
swelling; mumps is manifested by high fever, parotid and salivary gland swelling.
Clear liquid diet
It is made up of clear liquids and foods that are liquid at room temperature.
full liquid diet
clear liquids + liquid dairy products, all juice, strained fruits, vegetables, and
cereals
mechanical soft diet
Gets its name from foods prepared with blenders, food processors, or cutting
utensils. Makes food easier to chew
Dysphagia diet
REVIEW STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATED.
Insensible losses of fluids
-Unavoidable and unregulated loss
Ex: Respiration (Lungs)
Perspiration (Skin)
Sensible Losses (Fluid Output)
-Fluid loss that can be measured
-Loss through urine excretion, feces
Intracellular fluid (ICF)
fluid within cells
extracellular fluid
fluid outside the cell
What is osmosis?
diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
What is diffusion?
The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration.
What is homeostasis?
process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment
Angiotensin 2 receptor antagonists (ARB)
(-Sartan): Losartan, Candesartan, Valsartan
Hypomagnesemia causes
Excessive GI drainage; NGT suctioning or diarrheaAlcohol withdrawal due to
electrolyte shifts as glucose enters the cellMalnourishment or
,malabsorptionOsmotic diuresis secondary to hyperglycemiaNephrotoxic drugs
and renal tubular diseaseSome drugs: corticosteroids , insulin, calcium gluconate,
aminoglycoside antibiotics and diuretics
Incubation Stage
time interval between the entry of an infectious agent in the host and the onset
of symptoms
Prodromal Stage
Interval from onset of nonspecific signs and symptoms (malaise, low-grade
fever, fatigue) to more specific symptoms. (During this time microorganisms
grow and multiply, and patient may be capable of spreading disease to others.)
For example, herpes simplex begins with itching and tingling at the site before
the lesion appears.
Hyponatremia causes
Sodium level< 135 Lethargy, nausea, vomiting, weakness • Rapid pulse • Muscle
spasms, twitching, diminished deep tendon reflexes • Headache, behavior
change, seizures, coma • Diarrhea, hyperactive bowel sounds, anorexia
Hypernatremia causes
Sodium level> 147 Twitching or seizures Agitation Confusion,Irritability Muscle
weakness Lethargy Coma Increased thirst Signs of dehydration: low-grade fever,
flushing, poor skin turgor, rapid pulse,
Hypokalemia
Potassium level < 3.5Muscle weakness due to decreased impulse
conductionNausea and vomiting; constipationMuscle cramping and weaknessST
depression, flat/inverted T-wave, enlarged Q wave on top of the T wave (looks
like prolonged QT interval)Decreased deep tendon reflexes
ARBs actions
Bind to angiotensin II receptor sites and block the vasoconstrictor from binding
to receptor sites in target organs
Hyperkalemia
, Potassium level > 5.0 A tall spike in T waves on the EKG; Prolong QT Muscle
cramping and weakness Diarrhea, Nausea, hyperactive bowel sounds Numbness
and tingling of face, hands and feet Confusion, restlessness, anxiety and
irritability
Hypomagnesemia
Magnesium level < l.8 mg Muscle twitches, spasms and cramping of legs & feet
Nausea and vomiting with or without paralytic ileus Prolonged QT interval,
wide QRS, ST depression, and T-wave inversion Restlessness and disorientation;
confusion Nystagmus
Hypocalcemia causes
Commonly caused by renal failure due to decreased excretion of phosphorus
and resulting hyperphosphatemia Parathyroidectomy or hypoparathyroidism
Excessive diarrhea Low Mag level Multiple blood transfusions that include
citrate (which binds to calcium)Vitamin D deficiency
illness stage of infection
Interval when patient manifests signs and symptoms specific to type of
infection. For example, strep throat is manifested by sore throat, pain, and
swelling; mumps is manifested by high fever, parotid and salivary gland swelling.
Clear liquid diet
It is made up of clear liquids and foods that are liquid at room temperature.
full liquid diet
clear liquids + liquid dairy products, all juice, strained fruits, vegetables, and
cereals
mechanical soft diet
Gets its name from foods prepared with blenders, food processors, or cutting
utensils. Makes food easier to chew
Dysphagia diet
