NUR 403 Exam Questions And Correct Answers
(A+ Graded)
Exclusion Criteria- Features that restrict the population to homogeneous group of
subjects. Increase the precision of the study and hence become part of generating
validity while reducing generalisability of findings.
Sampling bias- Answer The systematic overrepresentation or underrepresentation of a
segment of the population with respect to characteristic of interest in the research
question.
Sampling error- Answer The difference between the population values-sample.
Sample size - Response The number of participants in the study sample of a study.
Estimated through power analysis estimation.
Surveys - Response Collect data about the frequency, distribution and interrelationship
of variables in a population. Collect data about peoples' activities, knowledge,
intentions, opinions, and attitudes.
Are based on self-report.
Generally expensive but data are of high quality. - Response In-person interviews
less expensive but usually less efficient. If interviewer is unknown, respondents may be
uncooperative. Convenient method of collecting information if interview is not too long
and personal. - Answer Telephone interview
Questionnaires - Answer Can be self-administered, written for a lower level of literacy.
Inexpensive, yet not suitable for every population. Mailed to participants most of the
,time. Very versatile, can be used in numerous populations. Information obtained tends
to be superficial.
Provide anonymity in its entirety.
At what stage in a quantitative research study does one make sampling decisions? -
Answer Sampling plan is created prior to the collection of data. Researchers strive to
obtain statistical conclusion validity and allow the generalization of findings to the
population.
At what stage in a qualitative study are decisions about sampling made? Answer
Decisions emerge in the course of data collection based on information needs.
Researchers seek in-depth, holistic understanding of topic.
The key quantitative research sampling objective -. Answer Representativeness
Representativeness- Answer A sample whose key characteristics closely approximate
those of the population.
Which of the following is a better way to achieve representativeness? -. Answer
Probability sampling
Homogeneous populations
Larger samples
A big problem w/ representativeness - Answer Small sample
Probability - Answer The random selection of elements from the population.
Nonprobability - Answer Selected elements through non-random methods. It is
impossible to estimate the probability of each element being included in this sample. Not
every element has a chance for inclusion.
,Random Assignment - Answer The procedure of assigning subjects to various
treatments on a random basis in experimental designs.
Simple Random Selection - Answer Uses sampling frame
List all the elements in population, and then each one randomly selected
Stratified Random Sampling - Answer Population divided into strata, random selection
from the stratified sampling frames.
Cluster Sampling - Answer Successive random sampling of units.
Systematic Sampling - Answer Every kth subject. Intervals used to draw the sample.
The only method that is sure to achieve representativeness.
Doesn't risk an unconscious bias
Expensive and demanding.
Population must be narrowly defined. - Answer Probability sampling
Convenience sampling - Answer Using most conveniently available people as
participants. Possible that subjects are atypical, creating bias. Weakest, but most
widely used. Participants self identify.
Snowball sampling - Answer Referrals from other people already in a sample.
Used to identify people with distinctive characteristics.
Purposive sampling - Answer Sample members are hand-picked by research to achieve
certain goals.
More common in qualitative studies.
Researchers seek out good informants.
, Starts as convenience generally.
Quota sampling-Within a specified strata of the population answer convenience
sampling. Improves representativeness of sample. It is an significant improvement over
convenience sampling; rarely used.
Seldom representative of target population; expect underrepresentation.
Convenient and economic.
Pay special attention to possibility of sampling bias.-Answer Evaluating nonprobability
sampling.
The purpose of most qualitative studies Answer To discover meaning and multiple
realities
Qualitative sampling - Answer Typical uses small, nonrandom samples.
Select setting with high potential for information richness.
Uses emergent design.
Seeks key informants.
Confirming cases - Answer In purposive sampling, it is additional cases that fit
researchers conceptualizations and enhance credibility.
Disconfirming cases In purposive sampling, new cases that do not fit and serve to
challenge the researchers' interpretations offer new insight.
Theoretical sampling In grounded theory, selection of participants with experiences
which will contribute to testing an idea and obtaining complete information about
developing concepts. Data collection, coding and analysis by analyst who jointly
decides what data to collect next and where to find them in order to further develop the
theory.
Finished when saturation or redundancy of theory has occurred.
Sample Size and Data Quality in Qualitative Research - Discussion Answer Although it
(A+ Graded)
Exclusion Criteria- Features that restrict the population to homogeneous group of
subjects. Increase the precision of the study and hence become part of generating
validity while reducing generalisability of findings.
Sampling bias- Answer The systematic overrepresentation or underrepresentation of a
segment of the population with respect to characteristic of interest in the research
question.
Sampling error- Answer The difference between the population values-sample.
Sample size - Response The number of participants in the study sample of a study.
Estimated through power analysis estimation.
Surveys - Response Collect data about the frequency, distribution and interrelationship
of variables in a population. Collect data about peoples' activities, knowledge,
intentions, opinions, and attitudes.
Are based on self-report.
Generally expensive but data are of high quality. - Response In-person interviews
less expensive but usually less efficient. If interviewer is unknown, respondents may be
uncooperative. Convenient method of collecting information if interview is not too long
and personal. - Answer Telephone interview
Questionnaires - Answer Can be self-administered, written for a lower level of literacy.
Inexpensive, yet not suitable for every population. Mailed to participants most of the
,time. Very versatile, can be used in numerous populations. Information obtained tends
to be superficial.
Provide anonymity in its entirety.
At what stage in a quantitative research study does one make sampling decisions? -
Answer Sampling plan is created prior to the collection of data. Researchers strive to
obtain statistical conclusion validity and allow the generalization of findings to the
population.
At what stage in a qualitative study are decisions about sampling made? Answer
Decisions emerge in the course of data collection based on information needs.
Researchers seek in-depth, holistic understanding of topic.
The key quantitative research sampling objective -. Answer Representativeness
Representativeness- Answer A sample whose key characteristics closely approximate
those of the population.
Which of the following is a better way to achieve representativeness? -. Answer
Probability sampling
Homogeneous populations
Larger samples
A big problem w/ representativeness - Answer Small sample
Probability - Answer The random selection of elements from the population.
Nonprobability - Answer Selected elements through non-random methods. It is
impossible to estimate the probability of each element being included in this sample. Not
every element has a chance for inclusion.
,Random Assignment - Answer The procedure of assigning subjects to various
treatments on a random basis in experimental designs.
Simple Random Selection - Answer Uses sampling frame
List all the elements in population, and then each one randomly selected
Stratified Random Sampling - Answer Population divided into strata, random selection
from the stratified sampling frames.
Cluster Sampling - Answer Successive random sampling of units.
Systematic Sampling - Answer Every kth subject. Intervals used to draw the sample.
The only method that is sure to achieve representativeness.
Doesn't risk an unconscious bias
Expensive and demanding.
Population must be narrowly defined. - Answer Probability sampling
Convenience sampling - Answer Using most conveniently available people as
participants. Possible that subjects are atypical, creating bias. Weakest, but most
widely used. Participants self identify.
Snowball sampling - Answer Referrals from other people already in a sample.
Used to identify people with distinctive characteristics.
Purposive sampling - Answer Sample members are hand-picked by research to achieve
certain goals.
More common in qualitative studies.
Researchers seek out good informants.
, Starts as convenience generally.
Quota sampling-Within a specified strata of the population answer convenience
sampling. Improves representativeness of sample. It is an significant improvement over
convenience sampling; rarely used.
Seldom representative of target population; expect underrepresentation.
Convenient and economic.
Pay special attention to possibility of sampling bias.-Answer Evaluating nonprobability
sampling.
The purpose of most qualitative studies Answer To discover meaning and multiple
realities
Qualitative sampling - Answer Typical uses small, nonrandom samples.
Select setting with high potential for information richness.
Uses emergent design.
Seeks key informants.
Confirming cases - Answer In purposive sampling, it is additional cases that fit
researchers conceptualizations and enhance credibility.
Disconfirming cases In purposive sampling, new cases that do not fit and serve to
challenge the researchers' interpretations offer new insight.
Theoretical sampling In grounded theory, selection of participants with experiences
which will contribute to testing an idea and obtaining complete information about
developing concepts. Data collection, coding and analysis by analyst who jointly
decides what data to collect next and where to find them in order to further develop the
theory.
Finished when saturation or redundancy of theory has occurred.
Sample Size and Data Quality in Qualitative Research - Discussion Answer Although it
