NUR403 Research Questions And Accurate Answers
Qualitative data collection - Response The data collection is flexible and could change
as the study unfolds
Methods of qualitative data collection - Response - Observation
- Unstructured or semi-structured interviews
- Focus groups
- Photovoice
Focus groups - Response Interviews conducted on 5-8 people based on a topic of
interest. The researchers most often use voice recorders to make sure that everything
said by the participants are not missed.
Photovoice - Photography usage in participation action research. Photographs trigger
and help develop interviews
Photovoice and marginalized communities - Photographs are used to mobilise
community members. People are invited to collaborate "to identify, represent and
enhance their community by a specific photographic approach."
With these communities this approach helps reduce one-way glass between
researchers and participants, i.e. participants employ photographs as prompts allow
others to view into their world Stories are shared in discussion about photos
Triangulation Answer Data is collected from multiple sources, for example
semi-structured interviews observation, in order to help validate information
Reactivity - Answer Refers to the behavioral changes that occur in the course of
observational studies in which a participant knows they are being observed, for
example, someone changes their breathing because they know their respirations are
being counted.
, Internal criticism - Answer Entails assessing the validity of the data included in the
source.
External criticism- Answer Includes examining the validity of the source-source actually
written by the original author? Bias in sampling? Does the study really exist?
Key considerations when critiquing observational methods of data collection- Answer 1.
Who made the observation?
2. Were observers trained to reduce bias?
3. Was an observational checklist provided?
4. Were observers expected to draw inferences about what they observed?
5. Do you have any indications that the presence of the observers affected the
participants' behaviour?
6. Is the observation based on the principles of informed consent?
Observation checklist - answer Yes No
Critical Appraisal Focus Group / Interviews - answer 1. The interview schedule is
described in enough detail such that you understand if it addresses the study's purpose.
2. It is apparent that the participants knew exactly what was to be done and what the
questions were
3. Who were the interviewers, and how were they trained?
4. Does interviewer bias seem to be a problem?
Key considerations when critiquing questionnaires - Answer1. Is the questionnaire
described well enough for you to tell whether it addresses the research purpose? Are
there indications that participants could complete the task?
2. Is it obvious that participants understood the questionnaire?
3. Are most of the items appropriately openor closedended?
Advantages of observational methods of data collection - Answer Enjoy the advantage
of being flexible in terms of measuring many types of situations
Are able to record great depth and breadth of information
Qualitative data collection - Response The data collection is flexible and could change
as the study unfolds
Methods of qualitative data collection - Response - Observation
- Unstructured or semi-structured interviews
- Focus groups
- Photovoice
Focus groups - Response Interviews conducted on 5-8 people based on a topic of
interest. The researchers most often use voice recorders to make sure that everything
said by the participants are not missed.
Photovoice - Photography usage in participation action research. Photographs trigger
and help develop interviews
Photovoice and marginalized communities - Photographs are used to mobilise
community members. People are invited to collaborate "to identify, represent and
enhance their community by a specific photographic approach."
With these communities this approach helps reduce one-way glass between
researchers and participants, i.e. participants employ photographs as prompts allow
others to view into their world Stories are shared in discussion about photos
Triangulation Answer Data is collected from multiple sources, for example
semi-structured interviews observation, in order to help validate information
Reactivity - Answer Refers to the behavioral changes that occur in the course of
observational studies in which a participant knows they are being observed, for
example, someone changes their breathing because they know their respirations are
being counted.
, Internal criticism - Answer Entails assessing the validity of the data included in the
source.
External criticism- Answer Includes examining the validity of the source-source actually
written by the original author? Bias in sampling? Does the study really exist?
Key considerations when critiquing observational methods of data collection- Answer 1.
Who made the observation?
2. Were observers trained to reduce bias?
3. Was an observational checklist provided?
4. Were observers expected to draw inferences about what they observed?
5. Do you have any indications that the presence of the observers affected the
participants' behaviour?
6. Is the observation based on the principles of informed consent?
Observation checklist - answer Yes No
Critical Appraisal Focus Group / Interviews - answer 1. The interview schedule is
described in enough detail such that you understand if it addresses the study's purpose.
2. It is apparent that the participants knew exactly what was to be done and what the
questions were
3. Who were the interviewers, and how were they trained?
4. Does interviewer bias seem to be a problem?
Key considerations when critiquing questionnaires - Answer1. Is the questionnaire
described well enough for you to tell whether it addresses the research purpose? Are
there indications that participants could complete the task?
2. Is it obvious that participants understood the questionnaire?
3. Are most of the items appropriately openor closedended?
Advantages of observational methods of data collection - Answer Enjoy the advantage
of being flexible in terms of measuring many types of situations
Are able to record great depth and breadth of information
