RNSG 1430 Exam 2 Study Guide Questions & Answers

Physiological needs which influence safety include: - ANSWERSSufficient oxygen, nutrition, & optimum temperature (These must be met before physical & psychological safety & security can be addressed) What is the leading cause of burns, reported fires, deaths, & injuries involving home medical oxygen? - ANSWERSSmoking A furnace, stove, or fireplace that is not properly vented introduces what into the environment? - ANSWERSCarbon monoxide How does carbon monoxide affect a person? - ANSWERSIt binds to hemoglobin, preventing the formation of oxyhemoglobin and thus reducing the supply of oxygen delivered to tissues. How long does it take for very high doses of carbon monoxide to kill a person? - ANSWERS1 - 3 minutes of exposure What factors increase risk of falling? - ANSWERSHistory of falling 65 years or older Reduced vision Orthostatic hypotension Lower-extremity weakness Gait & balance Urinary incontinence Improper use of walking aids Various medications HIV, aids, and hepatitis B virus or transmitted how? - ANSWERSBlood, and other select body fluids What is adverse event? - ANSWERSAn event that results in unintended harm to the patient by an act of commission/omission rather than disease or condition. Commission: irresponsible act you do Omission: act you choose not to do and affect someone else What is a near miss? - ANSWERSAn error of commission/omission that could have harmed the patient, but serious harm did not occur as a result of chance, prevention, mitigation. What is a sentinel event? - ANSWERSAn unexpected occurrence involving death, serious physical or psychological injury. (Loss of limb/function, "sentinel" = immediate investigation) What are diagnostic errors? - ANSWERSThe result of delay in diagnosis Failure to employee indicated test Use of outmoded test Failure to act on results of test What is a treatment error? - ANSWERSOccurs in the performance of an operation. (Procedure, test, administering treatment; dose/method of administering a drug; or an avoidable delay in treatment or in responding to an abnormal test) What are preventative errors? - ANSWERSFailures to provide prophylactic treatment and in adequate monitoring/follow-up of treatment. (Realizing somethings wrong and not correcting it) What is an active error? - ANSWERSErrors made by those who are providing care, responding to patient's needs at "sharp end." (Sharp end correlates with direct patient care, placement of error) What is a latent error? - ANSWERSMore organizational, contextual, and diffuse in nature or design related. Errors at the "blunt end" (Blunt end correlates with Organized systems, placement of error) What does "just culture" refer to? - ANSWERSSeeks to find a balance between the need to learn from mistakes and the need for disciplinary action against employees. (People are not punished for a flawed system. There are exceptions.) What antecedents need to exist in order for safety to be a concept? - ANSWERSKnowledge of risk Professional accountability Motivation to achieve safety Effective system process Collaboration T/F: A pathogen is present, so no infection will occur. - ANSWERSFalse What has to happen in order for infection to occur? - ANSWERSThe chain of infection must stay intact What is the chain of infection? - ANSWERS1. Etiologic agent (microorganisms, toxin) 2. Reservoir (survive, multiply, await transfer) 3. Portal of exit (blood, mucous membranes) 4. Mode of transmission (hand hygiene, equipment) 5. Portal of entry (usually same as portal of exit) 6. Susceptible host (person's immune system) What is the most effective way to break the chain of infection? - ANSWERSHand hygiene What are the two types of human reservoirs? - ANSWERSPeople with acute or symptomatic disease People who are carriers but show no signs What is the ideal temperature for most human pathogens? - ANSWERS20°C - 43°C (68°F - 109°F) What pH range do most micro organisms thrive? - ANSWERS5.0-7.0 What are the two types of aseptic technique? - ANSWERSMedical asepsis (clean) and surgical asepsis (sterile) What is the first line of defense in medical asepsis? - ANSWERSHand hygiene Metabolism - ANSWERSThe process of biochemical reactions, or enzymatic breakdown occurring in the body What is Virulence? - ANSWERSAbility to cause disease (Referring to the number of microorganisms present) Hormonal regulation - ANSWERSPhysiological mechanisms that regulate the secretion and action of hormones associated with the endocrine system. Bruit - ANSWERSTurbulent, swooshing sound heard through a stethoscope when an artery is partially occluded What symptoms might a patient show if they have cushing's syndrome? - ANSWERSPoor immunity Poor metabolism Truncle obesity Reduced muscle mass Low bone density Hypertension Fragility of microvasculature Thinning of the skin Which ethnic cultures have a higher risk of getting type 1 diabetes mellitus? - ANSWERSNative americans Non-hispanic blacks Hispanics What is SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion)? - ANSWERSA condition in which ADH is secreted despite normal or low plasma osmolarity, resulting in water retention and dilutional hyponatremia. (the increase in plasma volume allows aldosterone secretion which increases further sodium loss) What is considered hypoglycemia? - ANSWERSblood glucose 70 mg/dL What is considered hyperglycemia? - ANSWERSPost-prandial 140 mg/dl What is acanthosis nigricans? - ANSWERSDarkening of the skin (velvet-like skin) that often involved posterior neck, axilla or groin. Benign Prostate Hypertrophy (BPH) - ANSWERSEnlarged prostate (causing urinary retention) Anuria - ANSWERSabsence of urine Micturition - ANSWERSurination Dysuria - ANSWERSpainful urination Polyuria - ANSWERSexcessive urination Optimal physiological effect of the kidneys depends on continuous perfusion of a large volume of blood (an average of _________________) to the kidneys and functioning nephrons. - ANSWERS1 liter per minute How does blood flow through the kidneys? - ANSWERSRenal artery - Branches into smaller arteries - Arterioles- to a cluster of capillaries known as the glomerulus. (This represents the beginning of urine formation, which is known as glomerular filtration.)