PSY CHAPTER 7 TEST BANK SOLUTION MANUAL GRADED A+

TER 7 TEST BANK SOLUTION MANUAL GRADED A+ Some students study hard beginning with the first couple of weeks of a semester because they subsequently receive very good final course grades. This best illustrates that human behavior is influenced by - Answers delayed reinforcers Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n) - Answers conditioned stimulus Associating a conditioned stimulus with a new neutral stimulus can create a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. This best illustrates - Answers higher-order conditioning Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as ________ is to ________. - Answers positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer Children often learn to associate pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of a candy bar. This best illustrates the process underlying - Answers operant conditioning Watching the night sky for shooting stars is likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule. - Answers variable-interval Garcia and Koelling's studies of taste aversion in rats demonstrated that classical conditioning is constrained by - Answers biological predispositions Which of the following is an unconditioned response? - Answers sweating in hot weather Children of abusive parents often learn to be aggressive by imitating their parents. This illustrates the importance of - Answers observational learning. It's easier to train a pigeon to peck a disk for a food reward than to flap its wings for a food reward. This illustrates the importance of ________ in learning. - Answers biological predispositions A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n) - Answers specified number of responses have been made Jacqueline is sexually aroused by the sight of her handsome boyfriend but not by the sight of her equally handsome brother. This best illustrates the value of - Answers discrimination. In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the US was - Answers the presentation of food in the dog's mouth An organism learns associations between events it does not control during the process of - Answers classical conditioning Conditioning is the process of - Answers learning associations In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning is called a(n) - Answers neutral stimulus B. F. Skinner's work elaborated what E. L. Thorndike had called - Answers the law of effect Watson and Rayner's study of Little Albert demonstrated how specific fears - Answers may be produced through classical conditioning. Mirror neurons provide a biological basis for - Answers observational learning Dogs conditioned to salivate when rubbed on their front paws also began to salivate when other parts of their bodies were rubbed. This best illustrates - Answers generalization A Skinner box is a(n) - Answers chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward After one chimpanzee sees a second chimp open a box that contains a food reward, the first animal opens a similar box with great speed. This best illustrates - Answers observational learning In classical conditioning, the NS becomes a ________ after it reliably signals the impending occurrence of the ________. - Answers CS; US If a tone causes a dog to salivate because it has regularly been associated with the presentation of food, the tone is called a(n) - Answers conditioned stimulus Five-year-old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher is using the method of - Answers shaping In Pavlov's experiments, the dog's salivation triggered by the sound of the tone was a(n) - Answers conditioned response Positive punishment is the introduction of a(n) ________ stimulus following a behavior and negative punishment is the withdrawal of a(n) ________ stimulus following a behavior. - Answers aversive; pleasant Voluntary behaviors that produce rewarding or punishing consequences are called - Answers operant behaviors. Extinction occurs when a ________ is no longer paired with a ________. - Answers CS; US A learned association between a response and a consequence is central to - Answers operant conditioning An event that increases the frequency of the behavior that it follows is a(n) - Answers reinfor