Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 1,
Q&A’s Latest Updated Solution
(TOPTAKEN)
Which of the following is the primary difference between wet and dry gangrene?
a. Infection and inflammation are present in wet gangrene.
b. Wet gangrene results from arterial occlusion and dry gangrene from venous stasis.
c. Dry gangrene involves the presence of Clostridium perfringens.
d. Wet gangrene occurs only in internal organs. - ANS ✔✔ - E
Chronic alcoholism can result in the development of a fatty liver because it results in which
of the following?
a. increased production of free fatty acids
b. increased conversion of free fatty acids to triglycerides
c. decreased oxidation of cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids
d. decreased binding of cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids to Apo proteins - ANS
✔✔ - A
Which of the following components is not involved in apoptosis?
a. Bcl-2
b. apaf-1
c. caspase 9
d. cytochrome c
e. HLA 2 - ANS ✔✔ - E
Some cancer-causing viruses are able to protect the cells that they transform from
undergoing apoptosis by interfering with the action of the apoptosis promoter called:
a. TNF-alpha.
b. Fas.
, Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 1,
Q&A’s Latest Updated Solution
(TOPTAKEN)
c. p53.
d. IL-2.
e. INF-beta. - ANS ✔✔ - C
Which of the following diseases is thought to be related to free radical damage?
a. osteoarthritis
b. detached retina
c. cerebral aneurysm
d. cancer - ANS ✔✔ - D
Which of the following enzymes, released from dying cells, may indicate problems in the
liver?
a. alanine aminotransferase
b. aspartate aminotransferase c. alkaline phosphatase
d. all of the above
e. none of the above - ANS ✔✔ - D
Researchers hypothesize that the disappearance of dopamine-generating cells in the
midbrain in Parkinson's disease may be related to oxidative stress due to a decrease in the
amount of glutathione in the midbrain. The best explanation for this theory is which of the
following?
a. DNA synthesis requires glutathione for optimal development.
b. Dopamine synthesis requires glutathione to prevent free radical production.
c. Free radicals produced via dopamine synthesis are neutralized by glutathione.
d. Glutathione is needed for entry of dopamine into the cerebral circulation. - ANS ✔✔ - C
, Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 1,
Q&A’s Latest Updated Solution
(TOPTAKEN)
Which of the following is (are) true regarding aging?
a. may involve an increase in autoantibodies
b. may result from damage accumulation
c. both are true
d. neither is true - ANS ✔✔ - C
In theories of aging, cross-linking implies which of the following?
a. The lifespan and number of times a cell can replicate are preprogrammed.
b. The number of cell doublings is limited.
c. There is oxygen toxicity.
d. Cell permeability decreases. - ANS ✔✔ - D
How are symptoms and signs different - ANS ✔✔ - symptoms are what the patient reports
Signs are objective or measurable
Outcomes - ANS ✔✔ - cure, remission, chronicity, or death
Primary prevention - ANS ✔✔ - Efforts to prevent an injury or illness from ever occurring.
Secondary prevention - ANS ✔✔ - -focuses on early identification of individuals or
communities experiencing illness, providing treatment, and conducting activities that are
geared to prevent worsening health status
-examples: communicable disease screening and case finding; early detection and treatment
of diabetes; exercise programs for older adult clients who are frail
, Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 1,
Q&A’s Latest Updated Solution
(TOPTAKEN)
Tertiary prevention - ANS ✔✔ - -aims to prevent the long-term consequences of a chronic
illness or disability and to support optimal functioning
-examples: prevention of pressure ulcers as complication of a spinal cord injury; promoting
independence for the client who has traumatic brain injury
Atrophy - ANS ✔✔ - Decrease or shrinkage in cellular size.Most common in skeletal muscle,
heart, secondary sex organs, and brain.
Physiologic atrophy - ANS ✔✔ - occurs with early development. Ex. Thymus gland gets
physiologic atrophy during childhood.
Pathologic atrophy - ANS ✔✔ - occurs as a result of decreases in workload, pressure, use,
blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, and nervous stimulation
Hypertrophy - ANS ✔✔ - Increase in the size of the cells that increase the size of the affected
organ. Heart and kidneys (responsive to enlargement) and skeletal muscle.
Physiologic hypertrophy - ANS ✔✔ - occurs with increased demand, stimulation of
hormones, and growth factors. Ex. Pregnancy causes hormone induced hypertrophy of the
uterus, in skeletal muscle occurs as a response to heavy workload.
Pathologic hypertrophy - ANS ✔✔ - results from chronic hemodynamic overload. Ex.
Hypertension or heart valve dysfunction. Hypertrophic cells have increased accumulation of
ER, plasma membrane, myofilaments, mitochondria (not cellular fluid). Nucleus is also
Q&A’s Latest Updated Solution
(TOPTAKEN)
Which of the following is the primary difference between wet and dry gangrene?
a. Infection and inflammation are present in wet gangrene.
b. Wet gangrene results from arterial occlusion and dry gangrene from venous stasis.
c. Dry gangrene involves the presence of Clostridium perfringens.
d. Wet gangrene occurs only in internal organs. - ANS ✔✔ - E
Chronic alcoholism can result in the development of a fatty liver because it results in which
of the following?
a. increased production of free fatty acids
b. increased conversion of free fatty acids to triglycerides
c. decreased oxidation of cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids
d. decreased binding of cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids to Apo proteins - ANS
✔✔ - A
Which of the following components is not involved in apoptosis?
a. Bcl-2
b. apaf-1
c. caspase 9
d. cytochrome c
e. HLA 2 - ANS ✔✔ - E
Some cancer-causing viruses are able to protect the cells that they transform from
undergoing apoptosis by interfering with the action of the apoptosis promoter called:
a. TNF-alpha.
b. Fas.
, Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 1,
Q&A’s Latest Updated Solution
(TOPTAKEN)
c. p53.
d. IL-2.
e. INF-beta. - ANS ✔✔ - C
Which of the following diseases is thought to be related to free radical damage?
a. osteoarthritis
b. detached retina
c. cerebral aneurysm
d. cancer - ANS ✔✔ - D
Which of the following enzymes, released from dying cells, may indicate problems in the
liver?
a. alanine aminotransferase
b. aspartate aminotransferase c. alkaline phosphatase
d. all of the above
e. none of the above - ANS ✔✔ - D
Researchers hypothesize that the disappearance of dopamine-generating cells in the
midbrain in Parkinson's disease may be related to oxidative stress due to a decrease in the
amount of glutathione in the midbrain. The best explanation for this theory is which of the
following?
a. DNA synthesis requires glutathione for optimal development.
b. Dopamine synthesis requires glutathione to prevent free radical production.
c. Free radicals produced via dopamine synthesis are neutralized by glutathione.
d. Glutathione is needed for entry of dopamine into the cerebral circulation. - ANS ✔✔ - C
, Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 1,
Q&A’s Latest Updated Solution
(TOPTAKEN)
Which of the following is (are) true regarding aging?
a. may involve an increase in autoantibodies
b. may result from damage accumulation
c. both are true
d. neither is true - ANS ✔✔ - C
In theories of aging, cross-linking implies which of the following?
a. The lifespan and number of times a cell can replicate are preprogrammed.
b. The number of cell doublings is limited.
c. There is oxygen toxicity.
d. Cell permeability decreases. - ANS ✔✔ - D
How are symptoms and signs different - ANS ✔✔ - symptoms are what the patient reports
Signs are objective or measurable
Outcomes - ANS ✔✔ - cure, remission, chronicity, or death
Primary prevention - ANS ✔✔ - Efforts to prevent an injury or illness from ever occurring.
Secondary prevention - ANS ✔✔ - -focuses on early identification of individuals or
communities experiencing illness, providing treatment, and conducting activities that are
geared to prevent worsening health status
-examples: communicable disease screening and case finding; early detection and treatment
of diabetes; exercise programs for older adult clients who are frail
, Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 1,
Q&A’s Latest Updated Solution
(TOPTAKEN)
Tertiary prevention - ANS ✔✔ - -aims to prevent the long-term consequences of a chronic
illness or disability and to support optimal functioning
-examples: prevention of pressure ulcers as complication of a spinal cord injury; promoting
independence for the client who has traumatic brain injury
Atrophy - ANS ✔✔ - Decrease or shrinkage in cellular size.Most common in skeletal muscle,
heart, secondary sex organs, and brain.
Physiologic atrophy - ANS ✔✔ - occurs with early development. Ex. Thymus gland gets
physiologic atrophy during childhood.
Pathologic atrophy - ANS ✔✔ - occurs as a result of decreases in workload, pressure, use,
blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, and nervous stimulation
Hypertrophy - ANS ✔✔ - Increase in the size of the cells that increase the size of the affected
organ. Heart and kidneys (responsive to enlargement) and skeletal muscle.
Physiologic hypertrophy - ANS ✔✔ - occurs with increased demand, stimulation of
hormones, and growth factors. Ex. Pregnancy causes hormone induced hypertrophy of the
uterus, in skeletal muscle occurs as a response to heavy workload.
Pathologic hypertrophy - ANS ✔✔ - results from chronic hemodynamic overload. Ex.
Hypertension or heart valve dysfunction. Hypertrophic cells have increased accumulation of
ER, plasma membrane, myofilaments, mitochondria (not cellular fluid). Nucleus is also
