NUR 114 FINAL EXAM REVIEW WITH
VERIFIED ANSWERS
Abstract messages - Answer unclear patterns of words that often contain figures of
speech that are difficult to interpret
Active listening - Answer concentrating exclusively on what the client says, refraining
from other internal mental activities
Active observation - Answer watching the speaker's nonverbal actions as he or she
communicates
Assertive communication - Answer ability to express positive and negative ideas and
feelings in an open, honest, and direct way
Body language - Answer a nonverbal form of communication: gestures, postures,
movements, and body positions
Circumstantiality - Answer the use of extraneous words and long, tedious descriptions
Closed body positions - Answer nonverbal behavior such as crossed legs and arms
folded over chest that indicate the listener may be failing to listen, may be defensive, or
not accepting
Communication - Answer the processes that people use to exchange information
Concrete message - Answer words that are as clear as possible when speaking to the
client so that the client can understand the message; concrete messages are important
for accurate information exchange
Congruent message - Answer when communication content and processes agree
Content - Answer verbal communication; the literal words that a person speaks
Cues (overt and covert) - Answer verbal or nonverbal messages that signal key words
or issues for the client
Directive role - Answer asking direct, yes/no questions and using problem-solving to
help the client develop new coping mechanisms to deal with present, here-and-now
issues
,Distance zones - Answer amount of physical space between people during
communication; in the United States, Canada, and many Eastern European nations,
four distance zones are generally observed: intimate zone, personal zone, social zone,
and public zone
Eye contact - Answer looking into the other person's eyes during communication
Incongruent message - Answer when the communication content and process disagree
Intimate zone - Answer space of 0 to 18 inches between people; the amount of space
comfortable for parents with young children, people who mutually desire personal
contact, or people whispering; invasion of this intimate zone by anyone else is
threatening and produces anxiety
Nondirective role - Answer using broad openings and open-ended questions to collect
information and help the client to identify and discuss the topic of concern
Nonverbal communication - Answer the behavior that accompanies verbal content, such
as body language, eye contact, facial expression, tone of voice, speed and hesitations
in speech, grunts and groans, and distance from the listener
Personal zone - Answer space of 18 to 36 inches; a comfortable distance between
family and friends who are talking
Process - Answer in communication, denotes all nonverbal messages that the speaker
uses to give meaning and context to the message
Proxemics - Answer the study of distance zones between people during communication
Public zone - Answer space of 12 to 25 feet; the acceptable distance between a
speaker and an audience, between small groups, and among others at informal
functions
Social zone - Answer a space of 4 to 12 feet, which is the distance acceptable for
communication in social, work, and business settings
Spirituality - Answer a client's beliefs about life, health, illness, death, and one's
relationship to the universe; involves the essence of a person's being and his or her
beliefs about the meaning of life and the purpose for living
Therapeutic communication - Answer an interpersonal interaction between the nurse
and the client during which the nurse focuses on the client's specific needs to promote
an effective exchange of information
,Verbal communication - Answer the words a person uses to speak to one or more
listeners
Acute stress disorder - Answer diagnosis is appropriate when symptoms appear within
the first month after the trauma and do not persist longer than 4 weeks
Adaptive disclosure - Answer combat-specific therapy for veterans with posttraumatic
stress disorder (PTSD); eight sessions designed to help identify unhelpful beliefs about
the trauma and find ways to move forward
Adjustment disorder - Answer a group of symptoms, such as stress, feeling sad, or
hopeless, and physical symptoms that occur following a stressful life event; the reaction
is stronger than would be expected for the event that occurred
Depersonalization - Answer feelings of being disconnected from himself or herself; the
client feels detached from his or her behavior
Derealization - Answer client senses that events are not real, when, in fact, they are
Disinhibited social engagement disorder - Answer an attachment disorder that consists
of "a pattern of behavior in which a child actively approaches and interacts with
unfamiliar adults."
Dissociation - Answer a subconscious defense mechanism that helps a person protect
his or her emotional self from recognizing the full effects of some horrific or traumatic
event by allowing the mind to forget or remove itself from the painful situation or
memory
Dissociative disorders - Answer these disorders have the essential feature of a
disruption in the usually integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity, or
environmental perception; they include amnesia, fugue, and dissociative identity
disorder
Exposure therapy - Answer involves exposing the target patient to the anxiety source or
its context without the intention to cause any danger. Doing so is thought to help them
overcome their anxiety or distress.
Grounding techniques - Answer helpful to use with the client who is dissociating or
experiencing a flashback; grounding techniques remind the client that he or she is in the
present, as an adult, and is safe
Hyperarousal - Answer symptoms that arise from high levels of anxiety, including
insomnia, irritability, anger outbursts, watchfulness, suspiciousness, and distrustfulness.
Often seen with PTSD
, Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) - Answer a mental health condition that's
triggered by a terrifying event — either experiencing it or witnessing it. Symptoms may
include flashbacks, nightmares and severe anxiety, as well as uncontrollable thoughts
about the event
Reactive attachment disorder - Answer Reactive attachment disorder is a rare but
serious condition in which an infant or young child doesn't establish healthy attachments
with parents or caregivers. Reactive attachment disorder may develop if the child's
basic needs for comfort, affection and nurturing aren't met and loving, caring, stable
attachments with others are not established.
Repressed memories - Answer memories that are buried deeply in the subconscious
mind or repressed because they are too painful for the victim to acknowledge; often
relate to childhood abuse
Survivor - Answer view of the client as a survivor of trauma or abuse rather than as a
victim; helps to refocus client's view of himself or herself as being strong enough to
survive the ordeal, which is a more empowering image than seeing oneself as a victim
Absolute dichotomous thinking - Answer Tendency to view everything in polar
categories, i.e., all or none, black or white
Arbitrary inference - Answer Drawing a specific conclusion without sufficient evidence,
i.e., jumping to (negative) conclusions
Specific Abstraction - Answer Focusing on a single (often minor) detail while ignoring
other, more significant aspects of the experience, i.e., concentrating on one small
(negative) detail while discounting positive aspects
Overgeneralization - Answer Forming conclusions based on too little or too narrow
experience, i.e., if one experience was negative, then all similar experiences will be
negative
Magnification and minimization - Answer Over- or undervaluing the significance of a
particular event, i.e., one small negative event is the end of the world or a positive
experience is totally discounted
Personalization - Answer Tendency to self-reference external events without basis, i.e.,
believing that events are directly related to one's self, whether they are or not
Antisocial personality disorder - Answer characterized by a pervasive pattern of
disregard for and violation of the rights of others and with the central characteristics of
deceit and manipulation
Avoidant personality disorder - Answer characterized by a pervasive pattern of social
discomfort and reticence, low self-esteem, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation
VERIFIED ANSWERS
Abstract messages - Answer unclear patterns of words that often contain figures of
speech that are difficult to interpret
Active listening - Answer concentrating exclusively on what the client says, refraining
from other internal mental activities
Active observation - Answer watching the speaker's nonverbal actions as he or she
communicates
Assertive communication - Answer ability to express positive and negative ideas and
feelings in an open, honest, and direct way
Body language - Answer a nonverbal form of communication: gestures, postures,
movements, and body positions
Circumstantiality - Answer the use of extraneous words and long, tedious descriptions
Closed body positions - Answer nonverbal behavior such as crossed legs and arms
folded over chest that indicate the listener may be failing to listen, may be defensive, or
not accepting
Communication - Answer the processes that people use to exchange information
Concrete message - Answer words that are as clear as possible when speaking to the
client so that the client can understand the message; concrete messages are important
for accurate information exchange
Congruent message - Answer when communication content and processes agree
Content - Answer verbal communication; the literal words that a person speaks
Cues (overt and covert) - Answer verbal or nonverbal messages that signal key words
or issues for the client
Directive role - Answer asking direct, yes/no questions and using problem-solving to
help the client develop new coping mechanisms to deal with present, here-and-now
issues
,Distance zones - Answer amount of physical space between people during
communication; in the United States, Canada, and many Eastern European nations,
four distance zones are generally observed: intimate zone, personal zone, social zone,
and public zone
Eye contact - Answer looking into the other person's eyes during communication
Incongruent message - Answer when the communication content and process disagree
Intimate zone - Answer space of 0 to 18 inches between people; the amount of space
comfortable for parents with young children, people who mutually desire personal
contact, or people whispering; invasion of this intimate zone by anyone else is
threatening and produces anxiety
Nondirective role - Answer using broad openings and open-ended questions to collect
information and help the client to identify and discuss the topic of concern
Nonverbal communication - Answer the behavior that accompanies verbal content, such
as body language, eye contact, facial expression, tone of voice, speed and hesitations
in speech, grunts and groans, and distance from the listener
Personal zone - Answer space of 18 to 36 inches; a comfortable distance between
family and friends who are talking
Process - Answer in communication, denotes all nonverbal messages that the speaker
uses to give meaning and context to the message
Proxemics - Answer the study of distance zones between people during communication
Public zone - Answer space of 12 to 25 feet; the acceptable distance between a
speaker and an audience, between small groups, and among others at informal
functions
Social zone - Answer a space of 4 to 12 feet, which is the distance acceptable for
communication in social, work, and business settings
Spirituality - Answer a client's beliefs about life, health, illness, death, and one's
relationship to the universe; involves the essence of a person's being and his or her
beliefs about the meaning of life and the purpose for living
Therapeutic communication - Answer an interpersonal interaction between the nurse
and the client during which the nurse focuses on the client's specific needs to promote
an effective exchange of information
,Verbal communication - Answer the words a person uses to speak to one or more
listeners
Acute stress disorder - Answer diagnosis is appropriate when symptoms appear within
the first month after the trauma and do not persist longer than 4 weeks
Adaptive disclosure - Answer combat-specific therapy for veterans with posttraumatic
stress disorder (PTSD); eight sessions designed to help identify unhelpful beliefs about
the trauma and find ways to move forward
Adjustment disorder - Answer a group of symptoms, such as stress, feeling sad, or
hopeless, and physical symptoms that occur following a stressful life event; the reaction
is stronger than would be expected for the event that occurred
Depersonalization - Answer feelings of being disconnected from himself or herself; the
client feels detached from his or her behavior
Derealization - Answer client senses that events are not real, when, in fact, they are
Disinhibited social engagement disorder - Answer an attachment disorder that consists
of "a pattern of behavior in which a child actively approaches and interacts with
unfamiliar adults."
Dissociation - Answer a subconscious defense mechanism that helps a person protect
his or her emotional self from recognizing the full effects of some horrific or traumatic
event by allowing the mind to forget or remove itself from the painful situation or
memory
Dissociative disorders - Answer these disorders have the essential feature of a
disruption in the usually integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity, or
environmental perception; they include amnesia, fugue, and dissociative identity
disorder
Exposure therapy - Answer involves exposing the target patient to the anxiety source or
its context without the intention to cause any danger. Doing so is thought to help them
overcome their anxiety or distress.
Grounding techniques - Answer helpful to use with the client who is dissociating or
experiencing a flashback; grounding techniques remind the client that he or she is in the
present, as an adult, and is safe
Hyperarousal - Answer symptoms that arise from high levels of anxiety, including
insomnia, irritability, anger outbursts, watchfulness, suspiciousness, and distrustfulness.
Often seen with PTSD
, Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) - Answer a mental health condition that's
triggered by a terrifying event — either experiencing it or witnessing it. Symptoms may
include flashbacks, nightmares and severe anxiety, as well as uncontrollable thoughts
about the event
Reactive attachment disorder - Answer Reactive attachment disorder is a rare but
serious condition in which an infant or young child doesn't establish healthy attachments
with parents or caregivers. Reactive attachment disorder may develop if the child's
basic needs for comfort, affection and nurturing aren't met and loving, caring, stable
attachments with others are not established.
Repressed memories - Answer memories that are buried deeply in the subconscious
mind or repressed because they are too painful for the victim to acknowledge; often
relate to childhood abuse
Survivor - Answer view of the client as a survivor of trauma or abuse rather than as a
victim; helps to refocus client's view of himself or herself as being strong enough to
survive the ordeal, which is a more empowering image than seeing oneself as a victim
Absolute dichotomous thinking - Answer Tendency to view everything in polar
categories, i.e., all or none, black or white
Arbitrary inference - Answer Drawing a specific conclusion without sufficient evidence,
i.e., jumping to (negative) conclusions
Specific Abstraction - Answer Focusing on a single (often minor) detail while ignoring
other, more significant aspects of the experience, i.e., concentrating on one small
(negative) detail while discounting positive aspects
Overgeneralization - Answer Forming conclusions based on too little or too narrow
experience, i.e., if one experience was negative, then all similar experiences will be
negative
Magnification and minimization - Answer Over- or undervaluing the significance of a
particular event, i.e., one small negative event is the end of the world or a positive
experience is totally discounted
Personalization - Answer Tendency to self-reference external events without basis, i.e.,
believing that events are directly related to one's self, whether they are or not
Antisocial personality disorder - Answer characterized by a pervasive pattern of
disregard for and violation of the rights of others and with the central characteristics of
deceit and manipulation
Avoidant personality disorder - Answer characterized by a pervasive pattern of social
discomfort and reticence, low self-esteem, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation
