NU 545 Advance Pathophysiology Unit 2
Exam Questions Solved Correctly.
Afferent - Answer Towards (towards the spinal cord)
Efferent - Answer Away From (away from the spinal cord)
Which nerves are incapable of regeneration? - Answer Neurons in the Central Nervous System (CNS) do
not divide and injury causes permanent loss.
Which injury to nerves has better outcomes? Crushed or Severed/Cut - Answer Crushed nerves recover
better
How do peripheral nerves repair themselves? - Answer Axonal Reaction
Name 8 local changes that occur when an axon is severed - Answer 1. Cut end retracts and the
axolemma covers the cut end, reducing escape of axoplasm
2. macrophages and Schwann cells begin to phagocytize damaged tissue
3. Cell body undergoes chromotolysis, loss of Nissl bodies, and lateral migration of nucleus
4. Antegrade (wallerian) degeneration occurs in the distal axon
5. Swelling in axon terminal, it degenerates and loses contact with post synaptic membrane within 7 days
6. Macrophages and Schwann cells phagocytize remnants of axon terminal
7. Schwann cells proliferate, forming a column or tube of schwann cells enclosed by the original basal
lamina of the endoneurium
8. Retrograde changes occur at the promixal end of the injured axon and are similar to antegrade
changes but only back to the next node of Ranvier
Retrograde changes to the Proximal end of an injured axon only go back to what? - Answer The next
node of Ranvier
,In what time span do new terminal sprouts project from the proximal segment of an injured axon? -
Answer 7-14 days
What is the length of growth per day of an injured axon? And what is regrowth limited to? - Answer
1mm/day. Limited to myelinated fibers in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
The closer the injury is to the cell body of a nerve... - Answer The greater the chances that the cell will
die and not regenerate
How does the location of an injury among Peripheral Nerves play a factor? - Answer Injured nerves
closer to the spinal cord recover slower and poorly because of the long distance between the cell body
and the peripheral termination of the axon.
Regeneration of axonal constituents in the CNS is limited by what - Answer glial scar formation (gliosis)
and the different nature of myelin formed by the oligodendrocyte
What 4 factors do nerve regeneration depend on - Answer 1. Location of injury
2. Type of injury (crushing vs cut)
3. Presence of inflammatory responses
4. Process of scarring
Weight of Brain and amount of cardiac output received - Answer 3lbs and 15-20% of cardiac output
Prefrontal Area is responsible for what? - Answer Goal-oriented behavior, short term memory,
concentration, elaboration of thought and inhibition of limbic area. (emotions)
Premotor area (Brodmann area 6 ) is responsible for what? - Answer motor movement, extrapyramidal
system, eye movement, (Brodmann area 8, middle frontal gyrus)
Primary motor area is responsible for what? - Answer Primary voluntary motor = somatotropic
organization (Homunculus = little man)
Cerebral cortex controls central impulses for the opposite side of the body.
, Control of the opposite side of the body is called what? - Answer Contralateral control
Broca's speech area (Brodmann area 34, 45) is responsible for? - Answer Motor aspect of speech.
Speech and language processing, Dysfunction can result in inability to form words. "Expressive aphasia"
Somatic sensory input (Brodmann area 3,1,2) is responsible for? - Answer Provides communication
between motor and sensory areas, storage, analysis, and interpretation of stimulus
Wernicke area (Brodmann 22) is responsible for? - Answer Sensory speech area: responsible fro
reception and interpretation of speech (superior temporal gyrus) dysfunction may result in receptive
aphasia or dysphasia
Primary visual cortex (brodmann area 17) is responsible for what? - Answer Receives input from the
retinas
What is the Corpus callosum? Why is it essential? - Answer Bundle of myelinated fibers that connects
the two cerebral hemispheres (conveying contralateral projection) which is essential in coordinating
activities between hemispheres
Where is the Limbic system? What does it do? - Answer Surrounds the corpus callosum. Between the
telencephalon and the diencephalon. Controls expression of affect (emotional and behavior state),
mediated by connections with limbic system and prefrontal cortex.
Long-term memory
Consolidation of memory
Primitive behavior responses ad visceral reaction to emotion, feeding behaviors
Where is the Diencephalon? How many divisions? - Answer Surrounds the cerebrum and sits on top of
the brainstem; 4 divisions
What forms the roof of the 3rd ventricle of the brain and composes the most superior portion? - Answer
Epithalamus. Controls vital functions and visceral activities
Exam Questions Solved Correctly.
Afferent - Answer Towards (towards the spinal cord)
Efferent - Answer Away From (away from the spinal cord)
Which nerves are incapable of regeneration? - Answer Neurons in the Central Nervous System (CNS) do
not divide and injury causes permanent loss.
Which injury to nerves has better outcomes? Crushed or Severed/Cut - Answer Crushed nerves recover
better
How do peripheral nerves repair themselves? - Answer Axonal Reaction
Name 8 local changes that occur when an axon is severed - Answer 1. Cut end retracts and the
axolemma covers the cut end, reducing escape of axoplasm
2. macrophages and Schwann cells begin to phagocytize damaged tissue
3. Cell body undergoes chromotolysis, loss of Nissl bodies, and lateral migration of nucleus
4. Antegrade (wallerian) degeneration occurs in the distal axon
5. Swelling in axon terminal, it degenerates and loses contact with post synaptic membrane within 7 days
6. Macrophages and Schwann cells phagocytize remnants of axon terminal
7. Schwann cells proliferate, forming a column or tube of schwann cells enclosed by the original basal
lamina of the endoneurium
8. Retrograde changes occur at the promixal end of the injured axon and are similar to antegrade
changes but only back to the next node of Ranvier
Retrograde changes to the Proximal end of an injured axon only go back to what? - Answer The next
node of Ranvier
,In what time span do new terminal sprouts project from the proximal segment of an injured axon? -
Answer 7-14 days
What is the length of growth per day of an injured axon? And what is regrowth limited to? - Answer
1mm/day. Limited to myelinated fibers in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
The closer the injury is to the cell body of a nerve... - Answer The greater the chances that the cell will
die and not regenerate
How does the location of an injury among Peripheral Nerves play a factor? - Answer Injured nerves
closer to the spinal cord recover slower and poorly because of the long distance between the cell body
and the peripheral termination of the axon.
Regeneration of axonal constituents in the CNS is limited by what - Answer glial scar formation (gliosis)
and the different nature of myelin formed by the oligodendrocyte
What 4 factors do nerve regeneration depend on - Answer 1. Location of injury
2. Type of injury (crushing vs cut)
3. Presence of inflammatory responses
4. Process of scarring
Weight of Brain and amount of cardiac output received - Answer 3lbs and 15-20% of cardiac output
Prefrontal Area is responsible for what? - Answer Goal-oriented behavior, short term memory,
concentration, elaboration of thought and inhibition of limbic area. (emotions)
Premotor area (Brodmann area 6 ) is responsible for what? - Answer motor movement, extrapyramidal
system, eye movement, (Brodmann area 8, middle frontal gyrus)
Primary motor area is responsible for what? - Answer Primary voluntary motor = somatotropic
organization (Homunculus = little man)
Cerebral cortex controls central impulses for the opposite side of the body.
, Control of the opposite side of the body is called what? - Answer Contralateral control
Broca's speech area (Brodmann area 34, 45) is responsible for? - Answer Motor aspect of speech.
Speech and language processing, Dysfunction can result in inability to form words. "Expressive aphasia"
Somatic sensory input (Brodmann area 3,1,2) is responsible for? - Answer Provides communication
between motor and sensory areas, storage, analysis, and interpretation of stimulus
Wernicke area (Brodmann 22) is responsible for? - Answer Sensory speech area: responsible fro
reception and interpretation of speech (superior temporal gyrus) dysfunction may result in receptive
aphasia or dysphasia
Primary visual cortex (brodmann area 17) is responsible for what? - Answer Receives input from the
retinas
What is the Corpus callosum? Why is it essential? - Answer Bundle of myelinated fibers that connects
the two cerebral hemispheres (conveying contralateral projection) which is essential in coordinating
activities between hemispheres
Where is the Limbic system? What does it do? - Answer Surrounds the corpus callosum. Between the
telencephalon and the diencephalon. Controls expression of affect (emotional and behavior state),
mediated by connections with limbic system and prefrontal cortex.
Long-term memory
Consolidation of memory
Primitive behavior responses ad visceral reaction to emotion, feeding behaviors
Where is the Diencephalon? How many divisions? - Answer Surrounds the cerebrum and sits on top of
the brainstem; 4 divisions
What forms the roof of the 3rd ventricle of the brain and composes the most superior portion? - Answer
Epithalamus. Controls vital functions and visceral activities
